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Hydrochlorothiazide (Monograph)

Brand name: Microzide
Drug class: Thiazide Diuretics

hydroCHLOROthiazide (Systemic) is also contained as an ingredient in the following combinations:
Amiloride Hydrochloride and hydroCHLOROthiazide
Methyldopa and hydroCHLOROthiazide
Propranolol Hydrochloride and hydroCHLOROthiazide
Spironolactone and hydroCHLOROthiazide
Triamterene and hydroCHLOROthiazide

Medically reviewed by Drugs.com on Jun 10, 2024. Written by ASHP.

Introduction

Thiazide diuretic and antihypertensive agent.

Uses for Hydrochlorothiazide

Hypertension

Used alone or in combination with other antihypertensive agents for all stages of hypertension.

Thiazide diuretics are recommended as one of several preferred agents for the initial management of hypertension according to current evidence-based hypertension guidelines; other preferred options include ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor antagonists, and calcium-channel blockers. While there may be individual differences with respect to recommendations for initial drug selection and use in specific patient populations, current evidence indicates that these antihypertensive drug classes all generally produce comparable effects on overall mortality and cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and renal outcomes.

Individualize choice of therapy; consider patient characteristics (e.g., age, ethnicity/race, comorbidities, cardiovascular risk) as well as drug-related factors (e.g., ease of administration, availability, adverse effects, cost).

A 2017 ACC/AHA multidisciplinary hypertension guideline classifies BP in adults into 4 categories: normal, elevated, stage 1 hypertension, and stage 2 hypertension. (See Table 1.)

Source: Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Hypertension. 2018;71:e13-115.

Individuals with SBP and DBP in 2 different categories (e.g., elevated SBP and normal DBP) should be designated as being in the higher BP category (i.e., elevated BP).

Table 1. ACC/AHA BP Classification in Adults 1200

Category

SBP (mm Hg)

DBP (mm Hg)

Normal

<120

and

<80

Elevated

120–129

and

<80

Hypertension, Stage 1

130–139

or

80–89

Hypertension, Stage 2

≥140

or

≥90

The goal of hypertension management and prevention is to achieve and maintain optimal control of BP. However, the BP thresholds used to define hypertension, the optimum BP threshold at which to initiate antihypertensive drug therapy, and the ideal target BP values remain controversial.

The 2017 ACC/AHA hypertension guideline generally recommends a target BP goal (i.e., BPs to achieve with drug therapy and/or nonpharmacologic intervention) <130/80 mm Hg in all adults regardless of comorbidities or level of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk. In addition, an SBP goal of <130 mm Hg is recommended for noninstitutionalized ambulatory patients ≥65 years of age with an average SBP of ≥130 mm Hg. These BP goals are based upon clinical studies demonstrating continuing reduction of cardiovascular risk at progressively lower levels of SBP.

Previous hypertension guidelines generally have based target BP goals on age and comorbidities. Guidelines such as those issued by the JNC 8 expert panel generally have targeted a BP goal of <140/90 mm Hg regardless of cardiovascular risk and have used higher BP thresholds and target BPs in elderly patients compared with those recommended by the 2017 ACC/AHA hypertension guideline.

Some clinicians continue to support previous target BPs recommended by JNC 8 due to concerns about the lack of generalizability of data from some clinical trials (e.g., SPRINT study) used to support the current ACC/AHA hypertension guideline and potential harms (e.g., adverse drug effects, costs of therapy) versus benefits of BP lowering in patients at lower risk of cardiovascular disease.

Consider potential benefits of hypertension management and drug cost, adverse effects, and risks associated with the use of multiple antihypertensive drugs when deciding a patient's BP treatment goal.

For decisions regarding when to initiate drug therapy (BP threshold), the current ACC/AHA hypertension guideline incorporates underlying cardiovascular risk factors. ASCVD risk assessment recommended by ACC/AHA for all adults with hypertension.

ACC/AHA currently recommend initiation of antihypertensive drug therapy in addition to lifestyle/behavioral modifications at an SBP ≥140 mm Hg or DBP ≥90 mm Hg in adults who have no history of cardiovascular disease (i.e., primary prevention) and a low ASCVD risk (10-year risk <10%).

For secondary prevention in adults with known cardiovascular disease or for primary prevention in those at higher risk for ASCVD (10-year risk ≥10%), ACC/AHA recommend initiation of antihypertensive drug therapy at an average SBP ≥130 mm Hg or an average DBP ≥80 mm Hg.

Adults with hypertension and diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease (CKD), or age ≥65 years are assumed to be at high risk for cardiovascular disease; ACC/AHA state that such patients should have antihypertensive drug therapy initiated at a BP ≥130/80 mm Hg. Individualize drug therapy in patients with hypertension and underlying cardiovascular risk factors.

In stage 1 hypertension, experts state that it is reasonable to initiate drug therapy using the stepped-care approach in which one drug is initiated and titrated and other drugs are added sequentially to achieve the target BP. Initiation of antihypertensive therapy with 2 first-line agents from different pharmacologic classes recommended in adults with stage 2 hypertension and average BP >20/10 mm Hg above BP goal.

Black hypertensive patients generally tend to respond better to monotherapy with thiazide diuretics or calcium-channel blockers than to other antihypertensive drug classes (e.g., ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor antagonists). However, the combination of an ACE inhibitor or an angiotensin II receptor antagonist with a calcium-channel blocker or thiazide diuretic produces similar BP lowering in black patients as in other racial groups.

Thiazides may be preferred in hypertensive patients with osteoporosis. Secondary beneficial effect in hypertensive geriatric patients of reducing the risk of osteoporosis secondary to effect on calcium homeostasis and bone mineralization.

Thiazide diuretics (unlike potassium-sparing diuretics) may be used in patients who are at an increased risk for developing hyperkalemia (e.g., those receiving an ACE inhibitor).

Edema (General)

Management of edema resulting from various causes; diagnose etiology before use.

Edema caused by renal disease or by corticosteroids or estrogens may be relatively resistant to treatment.

Ineffective in patients with Scr or BUN concentrations greater than twice normal.

May be ineffective in patients with a GFR of <15–25 mL/minute; even when GFR is 25–50 mL/minute, more potent (e.g., loop) diuretics may be indicated.

No substantial difference in clinical effects or toxicity of comparable thiazide or thiazide-like diuretics, except metolazone may be more effective in edema with renal impairment.

Edema in Heart Failure

Management of edema associated with heart failure.

Most experts state that all patients with symptomatic heart failure who have evidence for, or a history of, fluid retention generally should receive diuretic therapy in conjunction with moderate sodium restriction, an agent to inhibit the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (e.g., ACE inhibitor, angiotensin II receptor antagonist, angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor [ARNI]), a β-adrenergic blocking agent (β-blocker), and in selected patients, an aldosterone antagonist.

Loop diuretics (e.g., bumetanide, ethacrynic acid, furosemide, torsemide) are diuretics of choice for most patients with heart failure.

Do not use diuretics as monotherapy in heart failure even if symptoms (e.g., peripheral edema, pulmonary congestion) are well controlled; diuretics alone do not prevent progression of heart failure.

Diuretics produce rapid symptomatic benefits, relieving pulmonary and peripheral edema more rapidly (within hours or days) than cardiac glycosides, ACE inhibitors, or β-blockers (in weeks or months).

Once fluid retention has resolved in heart failure, diuretic therapy should be maintained to prevent recurrence of fluid retention. Ideally, diuretic therapy should be adjusted according to changes in body weight (as an indicator of fluid retention) rather than maintained at a fixed dosage.

Diuretics should be continued in heart failure and comorbid conditions (e.g., hypertension) where ongoing therapy with the drugs is indicated.

Edema Secondary to Nephrotic Syndrome

May be useful if the patient fails to respond to corticosteroid therapy.

More likely to become refractory to thiazides than edema associated with heart failure, and more potent diuretics may be required.

Edema in Pregnancy

Generally responds well to thiazides except when caused by renal disease.

Thiazides should not be used for routine therapy in pregnant women with mild edema who are otherwise healthy.

Diabetes Insipidus

Has been used widely in the treatment of diabetes insipidus [off-label].

Effective in both the neurohypophyseal and nephrogenic forms of the disease, decreasing urine volume by up to 50%.

Particularly useful in nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, since this form of the disease is unresponsive to vasopressin or lypressin and chlorpropamide.

Useful in patients who are allergic or refractory to vasopressin or lypressin and has been used in combination with one of these hormones and a low-salt diet in patients who excrete an exceptionally large volume of urine.

Renal Tubular Acidosis

Has been used with success in the treatment of electrolyte disturbances associated with renal tubular acidosis [off-label].

Renal Calculus Formation

Has been used with success in the prophylaxis of renal calculus formation associated with hypercalciuria [off-label].

Hydrochlorothiazide Dosage and Administration

General

Monitoring and BP Treatment Goals

Administration

Administer orally.

Extemporaneously Compounded Oral Liquid

Extemporaneously compounded oral liquid formulations of hydrochlorothiazide containing 5 mg/mL have been prepared.

Standardize 4 Safety

Standardized concentrations for an extemporaneously prepared oral liquid formulation of hydrochlorothiazide have been established through Standardize 4 Safety (S4S), a national patient safety initiative to reduce medication errors, especially during transitions of care. Because recommendations from the S4S panels may differ from the manufacturer’s prescribing information, caution is advised when using concentrations that differ from labeling, particularly when using rate information from the label. For additional information on S4S (including updates that may be available), see [Web].

Table 2: Standardize 4 Safety Compounded Oral Liquid Standards for Hydrochlorothiazide252

Concentration Standards

5 mg/mL

Dosage

Individualize according to requirements and response. Use lowest dosage necessary to produce desired clinical effect.

If added to potent hypotensive agent regimen, initially reduce hypotensive dosage to avoid the possibility of severe hypotension.

For the management of fluid retention associated with heart failure, experts state that diuretics should be administered at a dosage sufficient to achieve optimal volume status and relieve congestion without inducing excessively rapid reduction in intravascular volume, which could result in hypotension, renal dysfunction, or both.

Pediatric Patients

Hypertension and Diuresis
Oral

Infants <6 months of age: Up to 3 mg/kg daily in 2 divided doses; up to 37.5 mg daily.

Infants 6 months to 2 years of age: Usually 1–2 mg/kg daily in a single dose or 2 divided doses, up to 37.5 mg daily.

Children 2–12 years of age: 1–2 mg/kg daily in a single dose or 2 divided doses, up to 100 mg daily.

Hypertension: Experts recommend initiation of drug at low end of dosage range; may increase dosage every 2–4 weeks until BP controlled, maximum dosage reached, or adverse effects occur.

Adults

Edema
Oral

Usually, 25–100 mg daily in 1–3 divided doses.

For management of fluid retention associated with heart failure, some experts recommend initiating hydrochlorothiazide at a low dosage (e.g., 25 mg once or twice daily) and increasing dosage (up to 200 mg daily) until urine output increases and weight decreases, generally by 0.5–1 kg daily.

For sequential nephron blockade in the management of fluid retention (e.g., edema) in heart failure, some experts recommend an initial dosage of 25–100 mg once or twice daily in combination with a loop diuretic.

Many patients also may respond to intermittent therapy (e.g., alternate days or 3–5 days weekly); decreases risk of excessive diuretic response and resulting electrolyte imbalance.

Hypertension
Usual Dosage
Oral

Manufacturers recommend initial dosage of 12.5–25 mg daily; may increase to 50 mg daily given in 1 or 2 divided doses.

Dosages of 25–100 mg daily (in 1 or 2 divided doses) used in randomized, controlled studies; experts recommend a dosage of 25–50 mg daily for optimal balance between efficacy and safety in the management of hypertension.

Fixed-combination Therapy
Oral

Initially, administer each drug separately to adjust dosage; may use fixed combination if optimum maintenance dosage corresponds to drug ratio in combination preparation. Alternatively, may initiate therapy with a fixed-combination preparation; may increase patient compliance.

Prescribing Limits

Pediatric Patients

Hypertension and Diuresis
Oral

Infants <2 years of age: Maximum 37.5 mg daily.

Children 2–12 years of age: Maximum 100 daily.

Adults

Edema
Oral

Management of fluid retention in heart failure: 200 mg maximum daily dosage recommended by ACCF/AHA.

Hypertension
Oral

Dosages >50 mg daily associated with marked hypokalemia; some manufacturers state that such dosages not recommended.

Special Populations

Hepatic Impairment

No specific dosage recommendations for hepatic impairment; caution because of risk of precipitating hepatic coma.

Renal Impairment

No specific dosage recommendations for renal impairment; caution because of risk of precipitating azotemia.

Geriatric Patients

Initiate therapy at the lowest dosage (12.5 mg daily); may adjust dosage in increments of 12.5 mg if needed.

Cautions for Hydrochlorothiazide

Contraindications

Warnings/Precautions

Warnings

Hypotensive Agents

May potentiate effects of other hypotensive agents. Although additive or potentiated antihypertensive effects usually are used to therapeutic advantage, hypotension could occur. (See Interactions.)

Lupus Erythematosus

Possible exacerbation or activation of systemic lupus erythematosus.

Lithium

Generally, do not use with lithium salts. (See Interactions.)

Sensitivity Reactions

Hypersensitivity

May occur with or without history of allergy or bronchial asthma.

Sulfonamide cross-sensitivity unlikely. (See Contraindications under Cautions.)

General Precautions

Electrolyte Imbalance

Monitor for fluid or electrolyte imbalance (hyponatremia, hypochloremic alkalosis, hypokalemia).

Observe for signs of electrolyte imbalance (e.g., dryness of mouth, thirst, weakness, lethargy, drowsiness, restlessness, confusion, seizures, oliguria, muscle pains, cramps, muscular fatigue, hypotension, tachycardia, nausea, vomiting).

Perform periodic serum electrolyte determinations (particularly of potassium, sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate); institute measures to maintain normal serum concentrations if necessary.

Serum and urinary electrolyte measurements are especially important with diabetes mellitus, vomiting, diarrhea, parenteral fluid therapy, or expectations of excessive diuresis.

Weekly (or more frequent) electrolyte measurement recommended early in treatment; possible to extend interval between measurements to ≥3 months when electrolyte response has stabilized.

Hypokalemia

May occur after brisk diuresis, when cirrhosis is present, or with prolonged therapy; inadequate oral electrolyte intake may contribute.

May cause cardiac arrhythmias, exaggerate cardiac response to cardiac glycoside toxicity (increase ventricular irritability).

Use potassium-sparing diuretics and/or potassium supplementation to avoid or treat hypokalemia.

Hypochloremia

Generally mild, usually does not require specific treatment except in renal or hepatic impairment.

Chloride replacement may be required for metabolic acidosis.

Hyponatremia

Dilutional hyponatremia may occur in edematous patients in hot weather; appropriate treatment usually is water restriction rather than salt administration except when hyponatremia is life-threatening.

In actual salt depletion, appropriate replacement is treatment of choice.

Gout

Hyperuricemia or, rarely, precipitation of gout may occur; generally avoid or use with caution in patients with history of gout unless patient is receiving uric acid lowering therapy.

Hyperglycemia

In diabetic patients, dosage adjustment of insulin or oral hypoglycemics may be required; hyperglycemia may occur and latent diabetes mellitus may become evident.

Sympathectomy

Antihypertensive effect may be enhanced after sympathectomy.

Hypomagnesemia

May increase magnesium urinary excretion, resulting in hypomagnesemia.

Hypercalcemia

May decrease calcium urinary excretion, cause slight intermittent serum calcium increase in absence of known calcium metabolism disorder; marked hypercalcemia may indicate hyperparathyroidism.

Discontinue prior to performing parathyroid tests.

Hyperlipidemia

May increase cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations.

Clinical importance of these changes is unknown. Diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol usually compensates.

Hypotensive Effects

Orthostatic hypotension rarely occurs.

Use in Fixed Combinations

When hydrochlorothiazide is used in fixed combination with other drugs (e.g., other antihypertensive agents), consider cautions, precautions, contraindications, and interactions associated with the concomitant agent(s).

Specific Populations

Pregnancy

Category B.

Diuretics are considered second-line agents for control of chronic hypertension in pregnant women; if initiation of antihypertensive therapy is necessary during pregnancy, other antihypertensives (i.e., methyldopa, nifedipine, labetalol) are preferred.

Diuretics are not recommended for prevention or management of gestational hypertension or preeclampsia.

Edema associated with pregnancy generally responds well to thiazides except when caused by renal disease; however, do not use as routine therapy in pregnant women with mild edema who are otherwise healthy.

Lactation

Distributed into milk. Manufacturer states to discontinue nursing or the drug; however, considered to be compatible with breast-feeding.

Pediatric Use

No controlled studies in children; use is supported by experience and published literature about hypertension treatment in children.

Geriatric Use

Elderly may be at increased risk of dilutional hyponatremia, especially underweight females with poor oral fluid and electrolyte intake or excessive low-sodium nutritional supplement intake. (See Hyponatremia under Cautions.)

Increased incidence of adverse effects and excessive reduction in BP in those >65 years of age. (See Geriatric Patients under Dosage and Administration.)

Hepatic Impairment

Use with caution in hepatic impairment or progressive liver disease (particularly with associated potassium deficiency); electrolyte imbalance may precipitate hepatic coma.

Discontinue immediately if signs of impending hepatic coma appear.

Renal Impairment

Use with caution in severe renal impairment; thiazides decrease GFR and may precipitate azotemia. Effects may be cumulative in impaired renal function.

Consider interruption or discontinuance if progressive renal impairment (rising nonprotein nitrogen, BUN, or Scr) occurs.

Common Adverse Effects

Potassium depletion, hyperuricemia (usually asymptomatic rarely leading to gout). Hypochloremic alkalosis in patients at risk (e.g., hypokalemic patients). Hyperglycemia and glycosuria in diabetics.

Drug Interactions

Specific Drugs and Laboratory Tests

Drug or Test

Interaction

Comments

Alcohol

Increased risk of postural hypotension with thiazides

Amphetamine

Thiazides may cause slightly more alkaline urinary pH; may decrease urinary excretion of some amines (e.g., amphetamine) with concurrent use

Urine pH change is not great during thiazide use and, toxic blood concentrations of amines usually do not occur

Monitor for signs of toxicity after initiation of thiazides in patients receiving amphetamine

Amphotericin B

Additive/potentiated potassium loss

Severe potassium depletion may occur when used concomitantly

Anticoagulants, oral

Postulated that may antagonize oral anticoagulant effects

Confirmatory evidence is lacking

Antidiabetic agents (sulfonylureas)

Thiazide hyperglycemic effect may exacerbate diabetes mellitus, increase antidiabetic agent requirements, and/or cause temporary loss of diabetic control or secondary failure to antidiabetic agent

Barbiturates

Increased risk of postural hypotension with thiazides

Cholestyramine or colestipol resin

May bind thiazides, reduce their GI absorption, with cholestyramine reportedly producing greater binding in vitro

Administer thiazides at least 2 hours before cholestyramine or colestipol when used concomitantly

Corticosteroids

Additive/potentiated potassium loss

Severe potassium depletion may occur when used concomitantly

Corticotropin

Additive/potentiated potassium loss

Severe potassium depletion may occur when used concomitantly

Diazoxide

May potentiate diazoxide hyperglycemic, hypotensive, and hyperuricemic effects

Use concomitantly with caution

Digitalis glycosides

Thiazide-induced electrolyte disturbances (principally hypokalemia, but also hypomagnesemia and hypercalcemia) may increase digitalis toxicity risk

Perform periodic electrolyte determinations with concomitant use; correct hypokalemia if warranted

Hypotensive agents

Increased hypotensive effects of most other hypotensive agents

Addition of thiazide to stabilized regimen with potent hypotensive agent (e.g., guanethidine sulfate, methyldopa, ganglionic blocking agent) may cause severe postural hypotension

Usually used to therapeutic advantage

Insulin

May exacerbate diabetes mellitus, increase insulin requirements, cause temporary loss of diabetic control, or secondary failure to insulin

Lithium

Thiazides (sometimes used with lithium to reduce lithium-induced polyuria) reduced renal lithium clearance within several days

Can increase serum lithium concentrations and the risk of lithium intoxication

Occasionally used to therapeutic advantage to reduce lithium-induced polyuria, but reduce lithium dosage by about 50% and monitor serum lithium carefully. Generally, avoid concomitant use because of increased lithium toxicity risk.

Methenamine

Urinary alkalinization may decrease the effectiveness of methenamine compounds which require a urinary pH of ≤5.5 for optimal activity

Monitor urine pH during concurrent therapy

Neuromuscular blocking agents (e.g., tubocurarine chloride or gallamine triethiodide [both no longer commercially available in the US])

May cause prolonged neuromuscular blockade

Confirmatory evidence lacking

NSAIAs

Increased risk of NSAIA-induced renal failure secondary to prostaglandin inhibition and decreased renal blood flow

NSAIAs may interfere with the natriuretic, diuretic, and antihypertensive response to diuretics

Monitor closely for possible adverse effects and/or attenuation of diuretic-induced therapeutic effects during concomitant use

Opiates

Increased risk of postural hypotension with thiazides

Probenecid

Blocks thiazide-induced uric acid retention

Also blocks renal tubular secretion of thiazide, but effect on thiazide duration of action apparently not studied

Apparently enhances excretion of calcium, magnesium, and citrate during thiazide therapy, but urinary calcium concentrations remain below normal

Sodium, potassium, ammonia, chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate, and titratable acid excretion apparently not affected by concomitant probenecid and thiazide therapy

Used to therapeutic advantage

Quinidine

Thiazides may cause slightly more alkaline urinary pH; may decrease urinary excretion of some amines (e.g., quinidine) with concurrent use

Urine pH change is not great during thiazide use, and toxic blood concentrations of amines usually do not occur

Monitor for signs of toxicity after initiation of thiazide

Test, Amylase (serum)

Values may be increased substantially in both asymptomatic patients and in patients developing acute pancreatitis who are receiving thiazides

Test, Corticosteroids (urinary) (Glenn-Nelson technique)

Decreased values by interfering in vitro with the absorbance in the modified Glenn-Nelson technique for urinary 17-hydroxycorticosteroids; may also decrease urinary cortisol excretion

Importance of effect on urinary corticosteroids is unclear

Test, Estrogens (spectrophotometric assay of total urinary estrogen; assay of estradiol)

Hydrochlorothiazide causes falsely decreased values by interfering with formation of the Kober chromogen, and with the assay of estriol by degrading estriol at the acid hydrolytic stage of the assay; does not occur with chlorothiazide

Test, Histamine for pheochromocytoma

False-negative results

Test, Parathyroid function tests

May elevate serum calcium in the absence of known disorders of calcium metabolism

Discontinue thiazides prior to performing parathyroid function tests

Test, Phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP)

Thiazides compete with PSP for secretion by the proximal renal tubules

Importance unknown

Test, Phentolamine

False-negative results

Test, Protein-bound iodine (PBI)

Values may be decreased, although usually not to subnormal

Test, Triiodothyronine resin uptake

Decreased slightly, but 24-hour I 131 uptake is not affected

Test, Tyramine

False-negative results

Vasopressors (e.g., norepinephrine)

Possible decreased arterial responsiveness to vasopressor amines

Clinical importance not established; decrease in pressor response not sufficient to preclude vasopressor use

Hydrochlorothiazide Pharmacokinetics

Absorption

Bioavailability

Variable absorption from GI tract.

Onset

Diuretic effect: Within 2 hours; peak effect in 3–6 hours.

Hypotensive effect: Generally 3–4 days.

Duration

Diuretic effect: 6–12 hours.

Food

Food decreases rate and extent of absorption of Microzide capsules.

Distribution

Extent

Distributed in the extracellular space.

Does not cross blood-brain barrier.

Readily crosses the placenta.

Distributed into breast milk.

Elimination

Metabolism

Not metabolized.

Elimination Route

Excreted unchanged in urine; ≥61% eliminated in 24 hours.

Half-life

5.6–15 hours.

Special Populations

In patients with uncompensated heart failure or impaired renal function, excretion may be delayed. Effect of hemodialysis on elimination of the drug has not been determined.

Stability

Storage

Oral

Capsules

Tight containers at <40°C, preferably at 15–30°C; protect from light, moisture, and freezing.

Oral Solution

Tight containers at <40°C, preferably at 15–30°C. Avoid freezing.

Tablets

Tight containers at <40°C, preferably at 15–30°C; protect from light, moisture, and freezing.

Actions

Advice to Patients

Additional Information

The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. represents that the information provided in the accompanying monograph was formulated with a reasonable standard of care, and in conformity with professional standards in the field. Readers are advised that decisions regarding use of drugs are complex medical decisions requiring the independent, informed decision of an appropriate health care professional, and that the information contained in the monograph is provided for informational purposes only. The manufacturer’s labeling should be consulted for more detailed information. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. does not endorse or recommend the use of any drug. The information contained in the monograph is not a substitute for medical care.

Preparations

Excipients in commercially available drug preparations may have clinically important effects in some individuals; consult specific product labeling for details.

Please refer to the ASHP Drug Shortages Resource Center for information on shortages of one or more of these preparations.

* available from one or more manufacturer, distributor, and/or repackager by generic (nonproprietary) name

hydroCHLOROthiazide

Routes

Dosage Forms

Strengths

Brand Names

Manufacturer

Oral

Capsules

12.5 mg*

Hydrochlorothiazide Capsules

Microzide

Watson

Tablets

12.5 mg*

Hydrochlorothiazide Tablets

25 mg*

Hydrochlorothiazide Tablets

50 mg*

Hydrochlorothiazide Tablets

* available from one or more manufacturer, distributor, and/or repackager by generic (nonproprietary) name

Amiloride Hydrochloride and hydroCHLOROthiazide

Routes

Dosage Forms

Strengths

Brand Names

Manufacturer

Oral

Tablets

5 mg of Anhydrous Amiloride Hydrochloride and Hydrochlorothiazide 50 mg*

Amiloride Hydrochloride and Hydrochlorothiazide Tablets

* available from one or more manufacturer, distributor, and/or repackager by generic (nonproprietary) name

Captopril and hydroCHLOROthiazide

Routes

Dosage Forms

Strengths

Brand Names

Manufacturer

Oral

Tablets

25 mg Captopril and Hydrochlorothiazide 15 mg*

Captopril and Hydrochlorothiazide Tablets

25 mg Captopril and Hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg*

Captopril and Hydrochlorothiazide Tablets

50 mg Captopril and Hydrochlorothiazide 15 mg*

Captopril and Hydrochlorothiazide Tablets

50 mg Captopril and Hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg*

Captopril and Hydrochlorothiazide Tablets

* available from one or more manufacturer, distributor, and/or repackager by generic (nonproprietary) name

Enalapril Maleate and hydroCHLOROthiazide

Routes

Dosage Forms

Strengths

Brand Names

Manufacturer

Oral

Tablets

5 mg Enalapril Maleate and Hydrochlorothiazide 12.5 mg*

Enalapril Maleate and Hydrochlorothiazide Tablets

10 mg Enalapril Maleate and Hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg*

Enalapril Maleate and Hydrochlorothiazide Tablets

Vaseretic

Valeant

* available from one or more manufacturer, distributor, and/or repackager by generic (nonproprietary) name

Methyldopa and hydroCHLOROthiazide

Routes

Dosage Forms

Strengths

Brand Names

Manufacturer

Oral

Tablets, film-coated

250 mg Methyldopa and Hydrochlorothiazide 15 mg*

Methyldopa and Hydrochlorothiazide Tablets

250 mg Methyldopa and Hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg*

Methyldopa and Hydrochlorothiazide Tablets

* available from one or more manufacturer, distributor, and/or repackager by generic (nonproprietary) name

Metoprolol Tartrate and hydroCHLOROthiazide

Routes

Dosage Forms

Strengths

Brand Names

Manufacturer

Oral

Tablets

50 mg Metoprolol Tartrate and Hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg*

Lopressor HCT (scored)

Validus

Metoprolol Tartrate and Hydrochlorothiazide Tablets

100 mg Metoprolol Tartrate and Hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg*

Lopressor HCT (scored)

Validus

Metoprolol Tartrate and Hydrochlorothiazide Tablets

100 mg Metoprolol Tartrate and Hydrochlorothiazide 50 mg*

Lopressor HCT (scored)

Validus

Metoprolol Tartrate and Hydrochlorothiazide Tablets

* available from one or more manufacturer, distributor, and/or repackager by generic (nonproprietary) name

Propranolol Hydrochloride and hydroCHLOROthiazide

Routes

Dosage Forms

Strengths

Brand Names

Manufacturer

Oral

Tablets

40 mg Propranolol Hydrochloride and Hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg*

Propranolol Hydrochloride and Hydrochlorothiazide Tablets

80 mg Propranolol Hydrochloride and Hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg*

Propranolol Hydrochloride and Hydrochlorothiazide Tablets

* available from one or more manufacturer, distributor, and/or repackager by generic (nonproprietary) name

Spironolactone and hydroCHLOROthiazide

Routes

Dosage Forms

Strengths

Brand Names

Manufacturer

Oral

Tablets, film-coated

25 mg Spironolactone and Hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg*

Aldactazide

Pfizer

Spironolactone and Hydrochlorothiazide Tablets

50 mg Spironolactone and Hydrochlorothiazide 50 mg

Aldactazide (scored)

Pfizer

* available from one or more manufacturer, distributor, and/or repackager by generic (nonproprietary) name

Triamterene and hydroCHLOROthiazide (Co-triamterzide)

Routes

Dosage Forms

Strengths

Brand Names

Manufacturer

Oral

Capsules

37.5 mg Triamterene and Hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg*

Dyazide

GlaxoSmithKline

Triameterene and Hydrochlorothiazide Capsules

Tablets

37.5 mg Triamterene and Hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg*

Maxzide (scored)

Mylan

Triameterene and Hydrochlorothiazide Tablets

75 mg Triamterene and Hydrochlorothiazide 50 mg*

Maxzide (scored)

Mylan

Triameterene and Hydrochlorothiazide Tablets

* available from one or more manufacturer, distributor, and/or repackager by generic (nonproprietary) name

Other hydroCHLOROthiazide Combinations

Routes

Dosage Forms

Strengths

Brand Names

Manufacturer

Oral

Tablets

12.5 mg with Candesartan 16 mg

Atacand HCT

AstraZeneca

12.5 mg with Candesartan 32 mg

Atacand HCT

AstraZeneca

12.5 mg with Fosinopril Sodium 10 mg*

Fosinopril Sodium and hydroCHLOROthiazide Tablets

12.5 mg with Fosinopril Sodium 20 mg*

Fosinopril Sodium and hydroCHLOROthiazide Tablets

12.5 mg with Irbesartan 150 mg

Avalide

Bristol-Myers Squibb

12.5 mg with Irbesartan 300 mg

Avalide

Bristol-Myers Squibb

12.5 mg with Lisinopril 10 mg*

Lisinopril and Hydrochlorothiazide Tablets

Prinzide

Merck

Zestoretic

AstraZeneca

12.5 mg with Lisinopril 20 mg*

Lisinopril and Hydrochlorothiazide Tablets

Prinzide

Merck

Zestoretic

AstraZeneca

12.5 mg with Telmisartan 40 mg*

Micardis HCT

Boehringer Ingelheim

Telmisartan and Hydrochlorothiazide Tablets

12.5 mg with Telmisartan 80 mg*

Micardis HCT

Boehringer Ingelheim

Telmisartan and Hydrochlorothiazide Tablets

25 mg with Irbesartan 300 mg

Avalide

Bristol-Myers Squibb

25 mg with Lisinopril 20 mg*

Lisinopril and Hydrochlorothiazide Tablets

Prinzide

Merck

Zestoretic

AstraZeneca

25 mg with Telmisartan 80 mg*

Micardis HCT

Boehringer Ingelheim

Telmisartan and Hydrochlorothiazide Tablets

Tablets, film-coated

6.25 mg with Benazepril Hydrochloride 5 mg*

Benazepril Hydrochloride and Hydrochlorothiazide Tablets

Lotensin HCT (scored)

Novartis

6.25 mg with Bisoprolol Fumarate 2.5 mg*

Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide Tablets

Ziac

Duramed

6.25 mg with Bisoprolol Fumarate 5 mg*

Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide Tablets

Ziac

Duramed

6.25 mg with Bisoprolol Fumarate 10 mg*

Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide Tablets

Ziac

Duramed

12.5 mg with Aliskiren Hemifumarate 150 mg (of aliskiren)

Tekturna HCT

Noden

12.5 mg with Aliskiren Hemifumarate 300 mg (of aliskiren)

Tekturna HCT

Noden

12.5 mg with Amlodipine Besylate 5 mg (of amlodipine) and Olmesartan Medoxomil 20 mg

Tribenzor

Daiichi Sankyo

12.5 mg with Amlodipine Besylate 5 mg (of amlodipine) and Olmesartan Medoxomil 40 mg

Tribenzor

Daiichi Sankyo

12.5 mg with Amlodipine Besylate 5 mg (of amlodipine) and Valsartan 160 mg*

Amlodipine Besylate, Valsartan, and Hydrochlorothiazide Tablets

Exforge HCT

Novartis

12.5 mg with Amlodipine Besylate 10 mg (of amlodipine) and Olmesartan Medoxomil 40 mg

Tribenzor

Daiichi Sankyo

12.5 mg with Amlodipine Besylate 10 mg (of amlodipine) and Valsartan 160 mg*

Amlodipine Besylate, Valsartan, and Hydrochlorothiazide Tablets

Exforge HCT

Novartis

12.5 mg with Benazepril Hydrochloride 10 mg*

Benazepril Hydrochloride and Hydrochlorothiazide Tablets

Lotensin HCT (scored)

Novartis

12.5 mg with Benazepril Hydrochloride 20 mg

Benazepril Hydrochloride and Hydrochlorothiazide Tablets

Lotensin HCT (scored)

Novartis

12.5 mg with Eprosartan Mesylate 600 mg (of eprosartan)

Teveten HCT

Abbott

12.5 mg with Losartan Potassium 50 mg

Hyzaar

Merck

12.5 mg with Losartan Potassium 100 mg

Hyzaar

Merck

12.5 mg with Moexipril Hydrochloride 7.5 mg*

Moexipril Hydrochloride and Hydrochlorothiazide Tablets

Uniretic (scored)

UCB

12.5 mg with Moexipril 15 mg*

Moexipril Hydrochloride and Hydrochlorothiazide Tablets

Uniretic (scored)

UCB

12.5 mg with Olmesartan Medoxomil 20 mg

Benicar HCT

Daiichi-Sankyo

12.5 mg with Olmesartan Medoxomil 40 mg

Benicar HCT

Daiichi-Sankyo

12.5 mg with Quinapril Hydrochloride 10 mg (of quinapril)*

Accuretic (scored)

Pfizer

Quinapril Hydrochloride and Hydrochlorothiazide Tablets

12.5 mg with Quinapril Hydrochloride 20 mg (of quinapril)*

Accuretic (scored)

Pfizer

Quinapril Hydrochloride and Hydrochlorothiazide Tablets

12.5 mg with Valsartan 80 mg*

Diovan HCT

Novartis

Valsartan and Hydrochlorothiazide Tablets

12.5 mg with Valsartan 160 mg*

Diovan HCT

Novartis

Valsartan and Hydrochlorothiazide Tablets

12.5 mg with Valsartan 320 mg*

Diovan HCT

Novartis

Valsartan and Hydrochlorothiazide Tablets

25 mg with Aliskiren Hemifumarate 150 mg (of aliskiren)

Tekturna HCT

Noden

25 mg with Aliskiren Hemifumarate 300 mg (of aliskiren)

Tekturna HCT

Noden

25 mg with Amlodipine Besylate 5 mg (of amlodipine) and Olmesartan Medoxomil 40 mg

Tribenzor

Daiichi Sankyo

25 mg with Amlodipine Besylate 5 mg (of amlodipine) and Valsartan 160 mg*

Amlodipine Besylate, Valsartan, and Hydrochlorothiazide Tablets

Exforge HCT

Novartis

25 mg with Amlodipine Besylate 10 mg (of amlodipine) and Olmesartan Medoxomil 40 mg

Tribenzor

Daiichi Sankyo

25 mg with Amlodipine Besylate 10 mg (of amlodipine) and Valsartan 160 mg*

Amlodipine Besylate, Valsartan, and Hydrochlorothiazide Tablets

Exforge HCT

Novartis

25 mg with Amlodipine Besylate 10 mg (of amlodipine) and Valsartan 320 mg*

Amlodipine Besylate, Valsartan, and Hydrochlorothiazide Tablets

Exforge HCT

Novartis

25 mg with Benazepril Hydrochloride 20 mg*

Benazepril Hydrochloride and Hydrochlorothiazide Tablets

Lotensin HCT (scored)

Novartis

25 mg with Eprosartan Mesylate 600 mg (of eprosartan)

Teveten HCT

Abbott

25 mg with Losartan Potassium 100 mg

Hyzaar

Merck

25 mg with Moexipril Hydrochloride 15 mg*

Moexipril Hydrochloride and Hydrochlorothiazide Tablets

Uniretic (scored)

UCB

25 mg with Olmesartan Medoxomil 40 mg

Benicar HCT

Daiichi-Sankyo

25 mg with Quinapril Hydrochloride 20 mg (of quinapril)*

Accuretic (scored)

Pfizer

Quinapril Hydrochloride and Hydrochlorothiazide Tablets

25 mg with Valsartan 160 mg*

Diovan HCT

Novartis

Valsartan and Hydrochlorothiazide Tablets

25 mg with Valsartan 320 mg*

Diovan HCT

Novartis

Valsartan and Hydrochlorothiazide Tablets

AHFS DI Essentials™. © Copyright 2024, Selected Revisions June 10, 2024. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc., 4500 East-West Highway, Suite 900, Bethesda, Maryland 20814.

† Off-label: Use is not currently included in the labeling approved by the US Food and Drug Administration.

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