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Glyburide (Monograph)

Brand names: DiaBeta, Glynase
Drug class: Sulfonylureas
VA class: HS502
Chemical name: 1-[[p-[2-(5-Chloro-o-anisamido)ethyl]phenyl]sulfonyl]-3-cyclohexylurea
Molecular formula: C23H28ClN3O5S
CAS number: 10238-21-8

Medically reviewed by Drugs.com on Jun 11, 2024. Written by ASHP.

Introduction

Antidiabetic agent; sulfonylurea.1 2 3 4

Uses for Glyburide

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Used alone or in fixed combination with metformin as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.1 2 3 4 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 158

Used in combination with one or more other oral antidiabetic agents or insulin as an adjunct to diet and exercise in patients who do not achieve adequate glycemic control with diet, exercise, and oral antidiabetic agent monotherapy.1 124 158 162 165 166 168 169 170 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203

Current guidelines for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus generally recommend metformin as first-line therapy in addition to lifestyle modifications in patients with recent-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus or mild hyperglycemia because of its well-established safety and efficacy (i.e., beneficial effects on glycosylated hemoglobin [hemoglobin A1c; HbA1c], weight, and cardiovascular mortality).698 704 705

In patients with metformin contraindications or intolerance (e.g., risk of lactic acidosis, GI intolerance) or in selected other patients, some experts suggest that initial therapy with a drug from another class of antidiabetic agents (e.g., a glucagon-like peptide-1 [GLP-1] receptor agonist, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 [SGLT2] inhibitor, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 [DPP-4] inhibitor, sulfonylurea, thiazolidinedione, basal insulin) may be acceptable based on patient factors.698 704

May need to initiate therapy with 2 agents (e.g., metformin plus another drug) in patients with high initial HbA1c (>7.5% or ≥1.5% above target).698 704 In such patients with metformin intolerance, some experts suggest initiation of therapy with 2 drugs from other antidiabetic drug classes with complementary mechanisms of action.698 704

Consider early initiation of combination therapy for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus to extend the time to treatment failure and more rapidly attain glycemic goals.704

For patients with inadequate glycemic control on metformin monotherapy, consider patient comorbidities (e.g., atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease [ASCVD], established kidney disease, heart failure), hypoglycemia risk, impact on weight, cost, risk of adverse effects, and patient preferences when selecting additional antidiabetic agents for combination therapy.698 699 704 705 706

Consider early introduction of insulin for severe hyperglycemia (e.g., blood glucose of ≥300 mg/dL or HbA1c >9–10%), especially if accompanied by catabolic manifestations (e.g., weight loss, hypertriglyceridemia, ketosis) or symptoms of hyperglycemia.698 704

Glyburide Dosage and Administration

General

Administration

Oral Administration

Administer conventional or micronized formulations once daily with breakfast or first main meal.1 2 3 124 May administer in 2 divided doses in some patients (i.e., those receiving >10 mg daily [as conventional formulations]1 2 or >6 mg daily [as micronized glyburide]).124

Administer fixed combination with metformin hydrochloride once or twice daily with meals.158

Administer glyburide at least 4 hours prior to colesevelam when drugs given concomitantly.1 2 124 (See Specific Drugs under Interactions.)

Dosage

Adults

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Initial Dosage in Previously Untreated Patients
Oral

Conventional formulations: Initially, 2.5–5 mg daily.1 2

Micronized formulations: Initially, 1.5 –3 mg daily.124

Fixed combination with metformin hydrochloride: Initially, 1.25 mg of glyburide and 250 mg of metformin hydrochloride once or twice daily.158

Initial Dosage in Patients Transferred from Other Oral Antidiabetic Agents
Oral

Conventional formulations: Initially, 2.5–5 mg daily.1 2

Micronized formulations: Initially, 1.5–3 mg daily.124

May discontinue most other oral hypoglycemic agents (except chlorpropamide [no longer commercially available in the US]) immediately.1 2 3 96 124 During transfer from chlorpropamide (a drug with a long elimination half-life), monitor closely for hypoglycemia during initial 2 weeks of transition period.1 2 124

Fixed combination with metformin hydrochloride: Initially, glyburide 2.5 mg/metformin hydrochloride 500 mg or glyburide 5 mg/metformin hydrochloride 500 mg twice daily in patients not adequately controlled on monotherapy with glyburide (or another sulfonylurea) or metformin.158 For patients previously receiving combination therapy with glyburide (or another sulfonylurea) and metformin, initial dosage should not exceed previous individual dosages of glyburide (or equivalent dosage of another sulfonylurea) and metformin.158

Initial Dosage in Patients Transferred from Insulin
Oral

Conventional formulations: Initially, 2.5–5 mg once daily (if insulin dosage is <20 units daily) or 5 mg once daily (if insulin dosage is 20–40 units daily); may discontinue insulin immediately.1 2 96 If insulin dosage is >40 units daily, reduce insulin dosage by 50% and initiate glyburide at 5 mg daily; withdraw insulin gradually and increase glyburide dosage in increments of 1.25–2.5 mg daily every 2–10 days.1 2 124

Micronized formulations: Initially, 1.5–3 mg once daily (if insulin dosage is <20 units daily) or 3 mg once daily (if insulin dosage is 20–40 units daily); may discontinue insulin immediately.124 If insulin dosage is >40 units daily, reduce insulin dosage by 50% and initiate glyburide at 3 mg daily; withdraw insulin gradually and increase glyburide dosage in increments of 0.75–1.5 mg daily every 2–10 days.

Titration and Maintenance Dosage
Oral

Conventional formulations: Increase dosage in increments of ≤2.5 mg daily at weekly intervals.1 2 Usual maintenance dosage is 1.25–20 mg daily.1 2 96

Micronized formulations: Increase dosage in increments of ≤1.5 mg daily at weekly intervals.124 Usual maintenance dosage is 0.75–12 mg daily.124

Fixed combination with metformin hydrochloride: Titrate dosage gradually based on glycemic control and tolerability up to a maximum daily dosage of 20 mg of glyburide and 2 g of metformin hydrochloride.158

Prescribing Limits

Adults

Conventional formulations: Maximum 20 mg daily.1 2 96

Micronized formulations: Maximum 12 mg daily.124

Fixed combination with metformin hydrochloride: Maximum 20 mg of glyburide and 2 g of metformin hydrochloride daily.158

Special Populations

Hepatic Impairment

Conventional formulations: Initially, 1.25 mg daily.1 2

Micronized formulations: Initially, 0.75 mg daily.124

Renal Impairment

Conventional formulations: Initially, 1.25 mg daily.1 2

Micronized formulations: Initially, 0.75 mg daily.124

Geriatric Patients

Conventional formulations: Initially, 1.25 mg daily1 2

Micronized formulations: Initially, 0.75 mg daily.124

Fixed combination with metformin hydrochloride: Use a lower dosage when initiating or increasing therapy.158

Other Populations

Cautious dosing recommended in debilitated or malnourished patients or in patients with adrenal or pituitary insufficiency.1 2 124 158

Conventional formulations: Initially, 1.25 mg daily1 2

Micronized formulations: Initially, 0.75 mg daily.124

Detailed Glyburide dosage information

Cautions for Glyburide

Contraindications

Warnings/Precautions

Warnings

Cardiovascular Effects

Increased cardiovascular mortality reported with some sulfonylurea antidiabetic agents (i.e., tolbutamide, phenformin).1 2 63 However, the American Diabetes Association considers the benefits of intensive glycemic control with insulin or sulfonylureas to outweigh the risks overall.128 130 131 138 144 234

Sensitivity Reactions

Dermatologic and Sensitivity Reactions

Possible allergic skin reaction (e.g., pruritus, erythema, urticaria, morbilliform or maculopapular eruptions).1 2 124 Discontinue the drug if allergic reaction persists.1 2 124

Angioedema, arthralgia, myalgia, and vasculitis reported.1 2 124

General Precautions

Hypoglycemia

Severe,1 2 67 68 69 74 105 124 occasionally fatal,67 68 74 105 hypoglycemia reported. Debilitated, malnourished, or geriatric patients and patients with renal or hepatic impairment or adrenal or pituitary insufficiency may be particularly susceptible.1 2 105 124 158 Strenuous exercise, alcohol ingestion, insufficient caloric intake, or use in combination with other antidiabetic agents may increase risk.1 2 96 105 124 Hypoglycemia may be difficult to recognize in geriatric patients or in those receiving β-adrenergic blocking agents.1 2 105 124 158 (See Interactions.)

Loss of Blood Glucose Control

Possible loss of glycemic control during periods of stress (e.g., fever, trauma, infection, surgery).1 2

Temporary discontinuance of glyburide and administration of insulin may be required.1 2

Hematologic Effects

Hemolytic anemia may develop in patients with glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency who receive sulfonylureas; consider a nonsulfonylurea antidiabetic agent in patients with G6PD deficiency.1 2 124 158

Macrovascular Outcomes

Manufacturer states that no clinical studies have conclusively established macrovascular risk reduction with glyburide or any other antidiabetic drug.1 2 124

Use of Fixed Combinations

When used in fixed combination with metformin hydrochloride, consider the cautions, precautions, and contraindications associated with metformin.

Specific Populations

Pregnancy

Category B.1

Many experts recommend that insulin be used during pregnancy.1 2 106

Lactation

Not known whether glyburide is distributed into milk; discontinue nursing or the drug.1 2

Pediatric Use

Safety and efficacy not established.1 2

Geriatric Use

Increased risk of hypoglycemia; hypoglycemia may be difficult to recognize.1 105 158 Cautious dosing recommended.1 2 124 158 See Geriatric Patients under Dosage and Administration.

Hepatic Impairment

Increased risk of hypoglycemia.1 2 96 105 106 Cautious dosing recommended.1 2 124 158 (See Hepatic Impairment under Dosage and Administration.)

Renal Impairment

Increased risk of hypoglycemia.1 2 96 105 106 Cautious dosing recommended.1 2 124 158 (See Renal Impairment under Dosage and Administration.)

Common Adverse Effects

With conventional and micronized formulations, nausea, epigastric fullness, heartburn.1 2 3 62

With fixed-combination glyburide/metformin hydrochloride preparation, diarrhea, headache, nausea/vomiting, abdominal pain, dizziness.158

Drug Interactions

When using fixed-combination preparation containing metformin hydrochloride, also consider the drug interactions associated with metformin.158

Drugs Affecting Hepatic Microsomal Enzymes

Glyburide principally metabolized by CYP2C9.2 Consider potential interactions with CYP2C9 inducers or inhibitors.2

Protein-bound Drugs

Potential pharmacokinetic interaction and possible potentiation of hypoglycemic effects when used concomitantly with other highly protein-bound drugs.1 2 37 38 39 40 60 62 85

Observe for adverse effects when glyburide therapy is initiated or discontinued and vice versa.1 2

Specific Drugs

Drug

Interaction

Comments

ACE inhibitors

Potentiation of hypoglycemic effects2

Observe carefully for hypoglycemic effects or loss of glycemic control when an ACE inhibitor is initiated or discontinued2

Alcohol

Possible rare disulfiram-like reactions1 2 87

Anticoagulants, oral (e.g., coumarins)

Possible displacement from plasma proteins and potentiation of hypoglycemic effects1 2 37 38 39 40 62 85

Observe carefully for adverse effects when oral anticoagulants are initiated or discontinued1 2

Antifungal agents, azole (i.e., fluconazole, miconazole)

Increased glyburide concentrations; possible hypoglycemia1 124 158 210 211

β-Adrenergic blocking agents

Impaired glucose tolerance60 62 85 or potentiation of hypoglycemic effects60 62 85

If concomitant therapy is necessary, a β1-selective adrenergic blocking agent may be preferred62

Bosentan

Increased risk of elevated serum aminotransferase concentrations233

Concomitant use contraindicated233

Calcium-channel blocking agents

May exacerbate diabetes mellitus1 2 90

Observe carefully for loss of glycemic control or for hypoglycemia when calcium-channel blocking agents are initiated or discontinued1 124 158

Chloramphenicol

Potentiation of hypoglycemic effects1 2 60 62 85

Observe carefully for hypoglycemic effects or loss of glycemic control when chloramphenicol is initiated or discontinued1 124 158

Clarithromycin

Potentiation of hypoglycemic effects2

Observe carefully for hypoglycemic effects or loss of glycemic control when clarithromycin is initiated or discontinued2

Colesevelam

Reductions in glyburide AUC and peak plasma concentration with concomitant administration1 2 124

Administer glyburide ≥4 hours prior to colesevelam1 2 124

Contraceptives, oral

May exacerbate diabetes mellitus1 2 62 85

Observe carefully for loss of glycemic control or for hypoglycemia when oral contraceptives are initiated or discontinued1 124 158

Corticosteroids

May exacerbate diabetes mellitus1 2 62 85

Observe carefully for loss of glycemic control or for hypoglycemia when corticosteroids are initiated or discontinued1 124 158

Disopyramide

Potentiation of hypoglycemic effects2

Observe carefully for hypoglycemic effects or loss of glycemic control when disopyramide is initiated or discontinued2

Diuretics (e.g., thiazides)

May exacerbate diabetes mellitus1 2 62 85

Observe carefully for loss of glycemic control or for hypoglycemia when diuretics are initiated or discontinued1 124 158

Estrogens

May exacerbate diabetes mellitus1 2 62

Observe carefully for loss of glycemic control or for hypoglycemia when estrogens are initiated or discontinued1 124 158

Fluoroquinolone anti-infectives (e.g., ciprofloxacin)

Potentiation of hypoglycemic effects1 2

Observe carefully for hypoglycemic effects or loss of glycemic control when fluoroquinolone anti-infectives are initiated or discontinued1 124 158

Fluoxetine

Potentiation of hypoglycemic effects2

Observe carefully for hypoglycemic effects or loss of glycemic control when fluoxetine is initiated or discontinued2

Hydantoins

Possible displacement from plasma protein and potentiation of hypoglycemic effects37 38 39 40 62 85

Isoniazid

May exacerbate diabetes mellitus1 2

Observe carefully for loss of glycemic control or for hypoglycemia when isoniazid is initiated or discontinued1 124 158

MAO inhibitors

Potentiation of hypoglycemic effects1 2 62 85

Observe closely for hypoglycemic effects of loss of glycemic control when MAO inhibitors are initiated or discontinued1 124 158

Metformin

Highly variable decreases in AUC and peak plasma concentrations of glyburide (certain preparations) with concomitant single-dose metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus; no changes in metformin pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics1 124

Clinical importance uncertain1 124

Niacin

May exacerbate diabetes mellitus1 2 62

Observe carefully for loss of glycemic control or for hypoglycemia when niacin is initiated or discontinued1 124 158

NSAIAs

Possible displacement from plasma proteins and potentiation of hypoglycemic effects1 2 37 38 39 40 62 85

Observe carefully for hypoglycemia or loss of glycemic control when NSAIAs are initiated or discontinued1 2

Phenothiazines

May exacerbate diabetes mellitus1 2 62 85

Observe carefully for loss of glycemic control or for hypoglycemia when phenothiazines are initiated or discontinued1 124 158

Phenylbutazone (no longer commercially available in the US)

Potentiation of hypoglycemic effects84

Monitor blood glucose control; adjust glyburide dosage when phenylbutazone is initiated or discontinued85

Phenytoin

May exacerbate diabetes mellitus1 2 62

Observe carefully for loss of glycemic control or for hypoglycemia when phenytoin is initiated or discontinued1 124 158

Probenecid

Potentiation of hypoglycemic effects1 2 62

Observe closely for hypoglycemic effects or loss of glycemic control when probenecid is initiated or discontinued1 124 158

Rifampin

May exacerbate diabetes mellitus62 85

Observe carefully for loss of glycemic control or for hypoglycemia when rifampin is initiated or discontinued1 124 158

Sulfonamides

Possible displacement from plasma proteins and potentiation of hypoglycemic effects1 2 37 38 39 40 62 85

Observe carefully for adverse effects when sulfonamides are initiated or discontinued1 2 124

Sympathomimetic agents

May exacerbate diabetes mellitus1 2 62

Observe carefully for loss of glycemic control or for hypoglycemia when sympathomimetic agents are initiated or discontinued1 124 158

Thyroid agents

May exacerbate diabetes mellitus1 2 62 85

Observe carefully for loss of glycemic control or for hypoglycemia when thyroid agents are initiated or discontinued1 124 158

Topiramate

Reductions in AUC and peak plasma concentrations of glyburide and active metabolites 4-trans-hydroxyglyburide (M1) and 3-cis­hydroxyglyburide (M2)1 124

Topiramate pharmacokinetics unaffected
Glyburide drug interactions (more detail)

Glyburide Pharmacokinetics

Absorption

Bioavailability

Almost completely absorbed following oral administration.4 23 24 94

Conventional and micronized glyburide preparations not bioequivalent.124 (See General under Dosage and Administration.)

Onset

Hypoglycemic action generally begins within 45–60 minutes and is maximal within 1.5–3 hours.4 27 32 49

Duration

In single-dose studies in fasting healthy individuals, the degree and duration of blood-glucose lowering is proportional to glyburide dose and AUC.1 2 124

In nonfasting diabetic patients, the hypoglycemic action may persist for up to 24 hours.1 2 33 124

Food

Food does not affect rate or extent of absorption.27 28 94

Special Populations

In patients with renal1 2 27 124 or hepatic1 2 124 impairment, serum concentrations may be increased.

Distribution

Extent

Distributed in substantial amounts into bile.1 2 3 25 26 36 124

Appears to cross the placenta.81 101 Not known if distributed into breast milk.1 2 124

Plasma Protein Binding

>99% (for glyburide).7 25 37

>97% (for major metabolite 4-trans-hydroxyglyburide).25

Elimination

Metabolism

Appears to be completely metabolized, 25 26 31 36 probably in the liver.31

Elimination Route

Excreted as metabolites in urine and feces in approximately equal proportions.1 2 23 25 26 30 31 47 124

Minimally removed by hemodialysis.42

Half-life

1.4–1.8 hours (for glyburide)24 27 29 41 97 or approximately 10 hours (for glyburide and metabolites).25 30 31 32 124

Special Populations

In patients with severe renal impairment, clearance may be decreased and half-life prolonged.42 43

Stability

Storage

Oral

Conventional or Micronized Preparations

Generally, well-closed containers at 20–25°C (may be exposed to 15–30°C); consult specific labeling.1 2 124

Glyburide/Metformin Hydrochloride Fixed-combination Preparations

Light-resistant containers up to 25°C.158

Actions

Advice to Patients

Preparations

Excipients in commercially available drug preparations may have clinically important effects in some individuals; consult specific product labeling for details.

Please refer to the ASHP Drug Shortages Resource Center for information on shortages of one or more of these preparations.

* available from one or more manufacturer, distributor, and/or repackager by generic (nonproprietary) name

glyBURIDE

Routes

Dosage Forms

Strengths

Brand Names

Manufacturer

Oral

Tablets

1.25 mg*

DiaBeta (scored)

Sanofi-Aventis

glyBURIDE Tablets

2.5 mg*

DiaBeta (scored)

Sanofi-Aventis

glyBURIDE Tablets

5 mg*

DiaBeta (scored)

Sanofi-Aventis

glyBURIDE Tablets

Tablets (micronized)

1.5 mg*

glyBURIDE Micronized Tablets

Glynase PresTab (scored)

Pfizer

3 mg*

glyBURIDE Micronized Tablets

Glynase PresTab (scored)

Pfizer

4.5 mg*

glyBURIDE Micronized Tablets

6 mg*

glyBURIDE Micronized Tablets

Glynase PresTab (scored)

Pfizer

* available from one or more manufacturer, distributor, and/or repackager by generic (nonproprietary) name

glyBURIDE Combinations

Routes

Dosage Forms

Strengths

Brand Names

Manufacturer

Oral

Tablets, film-coated

1.25 mg with Metformin Hydrochloride 250 mg*

Glyburide with Metformin Hydrochloride Tablets

2.5 mg with Metformin Hydrochloride 500 mg*

Glyburide with Metformin Hydrochloride Tablets

5 mg with Metformin Hydrochloride 500 mg*

Glyburide with Metformin Hydrochloride Tablets

AHFS DI Essentials™. © Copyright 2024, Selected Revisions June 21, 2021. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc., 4500 East-West Highway, Suite 900, Bethesda, Maryland 20814.

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