Fosaprepitant

Medically reviewed by Drugs.com. Last updated on May 21, 2024.

Pronunciation

(fos a PRE pi tant)

Index Terms

• Fosaprepitant Dimeglumine
• L-758,298
• MK 0517

Dosage Forms

Excipient information presented when available (limited, particularly for generics); consult specific product labeling. [DSC] = Discontinued product

Solution Reconstituted, Intravenous:

Generic: 150 mg (1 ea)

Solution Reconstituted, Intravenous [preservative free]:

Emend: 150 mg (1 ea [DSC]) [contains disodium edta, lactose, polysorbate 80]

Emend: 150 mg (1 ea) [contains edetate disodium, lactose, polysorbate 80]

Generic: 150 mg (1 ea)

Brand Names: U.S.

• Emend

Pharmacologic Category

• Antiemetic
• Substance P/Neurokinin 1 Receptor Antagonist

Pharmacology

Fosaprepitant is a prodrug of aprepitant, a substance P/neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor antagonist. Fosaprepitant is rapidly converted to aprepitant, which prevents acute and delayed vomiting by inhibiting the substance P/neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor; also augments the antiemetic activity of the 5-HT₃ receptor antagonist and corticosteroid activity and inhibits chemotherapy-induced emesis.

Distribution

Aprepitant: V_d: ~70 L; crosses the blood-brain barrier

Metabolism

Fosaprepitant: Hepatic and extrahepatic; rapidly (within 30 minutes after the end of infusion) converted to aprepitant (nearly complete conversion)

Aprepitant: Hepatic via CYP3A4 (major); CYP1A2 and CYP2C19 (minor); forms 7 weakly-active metabolites

Excretion

Urine (57%); feces (45%)

Time to Peak

Fosaprepitant is converted to aprepitant within 30 minutes after the end of infusion

Half-Life Elimination

Aprepitant: ~9 to 13 hours

Protein Binding

Aprepitant: >95%

Special Populations: Renal Function Impairment

Following a single oral aprepitant 240 mg dose in patients with severe renal impairment (CrCl <30 mL/minute), the AUC of total aprepitant (unbound and protein bound) decreased by 21% and C_max decreased by 32% compared with healthy subjects. In patients with ESRD undergoing hemodialysis, the AUC of total aprepitant decreased by 42% and C_max decreased by 32%. Hemodialysis conducted 4 or 48 hours after aprepitant dosing had no significant impact on aprepitant pharmacokinetics.

Special Populations: Hepatic Function Impairment

Following oral administration of aprepitant 125 mg on day 1 and 80 mg once daily on days 2 and 3 to patients with mild hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh score 5 to 6), the AUC of aprepitant was 11% lower on day 1 and 36% lower on day 3 (compared to healthy subjects); in patients with moderate hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh score 7 to 9), the AUC of aprepitant was 10% higher on day 1 and 18% higher on day 3 (compared to healthy subjects). These differences are not considered clinically meaningful.

Special Populations: Elderly

Following oral administration of aprepitant 125 mg on day 1 and 80 mg once daily on days 2 through 5, the AUC of aprepitant was 21% higher on day 1 and 36% higher on day 5 in elderly patients; the C_max was 10% higher on day 1 and 24% higher on day 5 in elderly patients (relative to younger adults). These differences are not considered clinically meaningful.

Special Populations: Gender

Following a single oral aprepitant dose (ranging from 40 to 375 mg), the AUC was 9% higher and the C_max was 17% higher in females (compared with males); the half-life of aprepitant is approximately 25% lower in females (compared with males). These differences are not considered clinically meaningful.

Special Populations: Race

Following a single oral aprepitant dose (ranging from 40 to 375 mg), the AUC of aprepitant was ~27% higher and the C_max was ~19% higher in Hispanic patients compared with Caucasian patients; the AUC of aprepitant was 74% higher and the C_max was 47% higher in Asian patients compared with Caucasian patients. These differences are not considered clinically meaningful.

Special Populations Note

Obesity: In an analysis of subjects with BMIs ranging from 18 kg/m² to 36 kg/m², for every 5 kg/m² increase in BMI, the AUC and C_max of aprepitant decrease by 9% and 10%, respectively. These differences are not considered clinically meaningful.

Use: Labeled Indications

Prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting:

Prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with highly emetogenic chemotherapy, including high-dose cisplatin (initial and repeat courses; in combination with other antiemetics) in patients ≥6 months of age

Prevention of delayed nausea and vomiting associated with moderately emetogenic chemotherapy (initial and repeat courses; in combination with other antiemetics) in patients ≥6 months of age

Limitations of use: Fosaprepitant has not been studied for the management of existing nausea and vomiting.

Contraindications

Hypersensitivity to fosaprepitant or any component of the formulation; concurrent use with pimozide

Canadian labeling: Additional contraindications (not in the US labeling): Concurrent use with astemizole, terfenadine, or cisapride

Dosing: Adult

Note: Dosing is for fosaprepitant (Emend IV); refer to the aprepitant monograph for IV aprepitant (Cinvanti) dosing.

Prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea/vomiting:

Highly emetogenic chemotherapy: IV: 150 mg on day 1 only (infusion should be completed ~30 minutes prior to chemotherapy); administer in combination with a 5-HT₃ antagonist on day 1 only and with dexamethasone on days 1 to 4 (reduce dexamethasone dose by 50% on days 1 and 2).

Moderately emetogenic chemotherapy: IV: 150 mg on day 1 only (infusion should be completed ~30 minutes prior to chemotherapy); administer in combination with a 5-HT₃ antagonist and dexamethasone on day 1 (reduce dexamethasone dose by 50%).

Dosage adjustment for concomitant therapy: Significant drug interactions exist, requiring dose/frequency adjustment or avoidance. Consult drug interactions database for more information.

Dosing: Geriatric

Refer to adult dosing.

Dosing: Pediatric

Chemotherapy-induced nausea/vomiting, prevention; highly and moderately emetogenic chemotherapy:

Infants ≥6 months weighing ≥6 kg and Children <2 years:

Single-dose NK₁ receptor antagonist regimen: Note: Use only with single-day chemotherapy regimens. IV: 5 mg/kg once; maximum dose: 150 mg/dose; administer ~90 minutes prior to chemotherapy on day 1 only; use in combination with a 5-HT₃ antagonist with or without corticosteroid.

Three-day NK₁ receptor antagonist regimen: Note: May be used with single-day or multiday chemotherapy regimens. IV: 3 mg/kg once; maximum dose: 115 mg/dose; administer ~90 minutes prior to chemotherapy on day 1 only followed by oral aprepitant on days 2 and 3; use in combination with a 5-HT₃ antagonist with or without corticosteroid.

Children 2 to <12 years:

Single-dose NK₁ receptor antagonist regimen: Note: Use only with single-day chemotherapy regimens. IV: 4 mg/kg once; maximum dose: 150 mg/dose; administer ~90 minutes prior to chemotherapy on day 1 only; use in combination with a 5-HT₃ antagonist with or without corticosteroid.

Three-day NK₁ receptor antagonist regimen: Note: May be used with single-day or multiday chemotherapy regimens. IV: 3 mg/kg once; maximum dose: 115 mg/dose; administer ~90 minutes prior to chemotherapy on day 1 only followed by oral aprepitant on days 2 and 3; use in combination with a 5-HT₃ antagonist with or without corticosteroid.

Children ≥12 years and Adolescents ≤17 years:

Single-dose NK₁ receptor antagonist regimen: Note: Use only with single-day chemotherapy regimens. IV: 150 mg once, administered ~60 minutes prior to chemotherapy on day 1 only; use in combination with a 5-HT₃ antagonist with or without corticosteroid.

Three-day NK₁ receptor antagonist regimen: Note: May be used with single-day or multiday chemotherapy regimens. IV: 115 mg once, administered ~60 minutes prior to chemotherapy on day 1 only followed by oral aprepitant on days 2 and 3; use in combination with a 5-HT₃ antagonist with or without corticosteroid.

Adolescents ≥18 years: Single-dose NK₁ receptor antagonist regimen: IV: 150 mg once, administer ~50 to 60 minutes prior to chemotherapy on day 1 only; in combination with a 5-HT₃ antagonist and corticosteroid.

Dosage adjustment for concomitant therapy: Significant drug interactions exist, requiring dose/frequency adjustment or avoidance. Consult drug interactions database for more information.

Reconstitution

Reconstitute vial with 5 mL of NS, slowly directing diluent down wall of vial to avoid foaming; swirl gently. Add reconstituted contents of the 150 mg vial to 145 mL NS (total volume of 150 mL), resulting in a final concentration of 1 mg/mL; gently invert bag 2 to 3 times to mix. For doses <150 mg (resulting in an infusion volume <150 mL), transfer calculated volume to an appropriate size bag or syringe prior to infusion. Solutions diluted to a final volume of 250 mL (0.6 mg/mL) have also been reported (Chau 2019).

Administration

IV: Infuse over 20 to 30 minutes; infusion should be completed ~30 minutes prior to chemotherapy.

Note: Administration information is for fosaprepitant (Emend IV); refer to the aprepitant monograph for IV aprepitant (Cinvanti) administration.

Storage

Store intact vials at 2°C to 8°C (36°F to 46°F). Solutions diluted to 1 mg/mL for infusion are stable for 24 hours at room temperature at ≤25°C (≤77°F). Solutions diluted in NS to a final volume of 250 mL (0.6 mg/mL) should be administered within 24 hours (data on file [Merck 2013]).

Drug Interactions

Abametapir: May increase the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with Inhibitors). Avoid combination

Astemizole: Fosaprepitant may increase the serum concentration of Astemizole. The active metabolite aprepitant is likely responsible for this effect. Avoid combination

Clofazimine: May increase the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with Inhibitors). Monitor therapy

Conivaptan: May increase the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with Inhibitors). Avoid combination

Corticosteroids (Systemic): Fosaprepitant may increase the serum concentration of Corticosteroids (Systemic). The active metabolite aprepitant is likely responsible for this effect. Management: Reduce the dose of corticosteroids, such as dexamethasone or oral methylprednisolone, by 50% when coadministered with fosaprepitant. Reduce intravenous methylprednisolone doses by 25% during coadministration with fosaprepitant. Consider therapy modification

CYP3A4 Inducers (Moderate): May decrease the serum concentration of Fosaprepitant. Specifically, CYP3A4 Inducers (Moderate) may decrease serum concentrations of the active metabolite aprepitant. Monitor therapy

CYP3A4 Inducers (Strong): May decrease the serum concentration of Fosaprepitant. Specifically, CYP3A4 Inducers (Strong) may decrease serum concentrations of the active metabolite aprepitant. Avoid combination

CYP3A4 Inhibitors (Moderate): May increase the serum concentration of Fosaprepitant. Avoid combination

CYP3A4 Inhibitors (Strong): May increase the serum concentration of Fosaprepitant. Avoid combination

CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with Inhibitors): Fosaprepitant may increase the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with Inhibitors). Monitor therapy

Dabrafenib: May decrease the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with Inducers). Management: Seek alternatives to concomitant therapy when possible. If concomitant therapy cannot be avoided, monitor for reduced clinical effects of the CYP3A4 substrate. Consider therapy modification

Deferasirox: May decrease the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with Inducers). Monitor therapy

Dofetilide: CYP3A4 Inhibitors (Weak) may increase the serum concentration of Dofetilide. Monitor therapy

Erdafitinib: May decrease the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with Inducers). Monitor therapy

Erdafitinib: May increase the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with Inhibitors). Monitor therapy

Estrogen Derivatives (Contraceptive): Fosaprepitant may decrease the serum concentration of Estrogen Derivatives (Contraceptive). The active metabolite aprepitant is likely responsible for this effect. Management: Alternative or additional methods of contraception should be used both during treatment with fosaprepitant or aprepitant and for at least one month following the last fosaprepitant/aprepitant dose. Consider therapy modification

Flibanserin: CYP3A4 Inhibitors (Weak) may increase the serum concentration of Flibanserin. Monitor therapy

Fusidic Acid (Systemic): May increase the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with Inhibitors). Avoid combination

Idelalisib: May increase the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with Inhibitors). Avoid combination

Ifosfamide: Fosaprepitant may increase the serum concentration of Ifosfamide. Specifically, concentrations of the toxic metabolites of ifosfamide may increase. Monitor therapy

Ivosidenib: May decrease the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with Inducers). Monitor therapy

Larotrectinib: May increase the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with Inhibitors). Monitor therapy

Lemborexant: CYP3A4 Inhibitors (Weak) may increase the serum concentration of Lemborexant. Management: The maximum recommended dosage of lemborexant is 5 mg, no more than once per night, when coadministered with weak CYP3A4 inhibitors. Consider therapy modification

Lomitapide: CYP3A4 Inhibitors (Weak) may increase the serum concentration of Lomitapide. Management: Patients on lomitapide 5 mg/day may continue that dose. Patients taking lomitapide 10 mg/day or more should decrease the lomitapide dose by half. The lomitapide dose may then be titrated up to a max adult dose of 30 mg/day. Consider therapy modification

NiMODipine: CYP3A4 Inhibitors (Weak) may increase the serum concentration of NiMODipine. Monitor therapy

Palbociclib: May increase the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with Inhibitors). Monitor therapy

PARoxetine: May decrease serum concentrations of the active metabolite(s) of Fosaprepitant. Fosaprepitant may decrease the serum concentration of PARoxetine. Monitor therapy

Pimozide: Fosaprepitant may increase the serum concentration of Pimozide. The active metabolite aprepitant is likely responsible for this effect. Avoid combination

Progestins (Contraceptive): Fosaprepitant may decrease the serum concentration of Progestins (Contraceptive). The active metabolite aprepitant is likely responsible for this effect. Management: Alternative or additional methods of contraception should be used both during treatment with aprepitant or fosaprepitant and for at least one month following the last aprepitant/fosaprepitant dose. Consider therapy modification

Sarilumab: May decrease the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with Inducers). Monitor therapy

Siltuximab: May decrease the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with Inducers). Monitor therapy

Simeprevir: May increase the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with Inhibitors). Monitor therapy

Stiripentol: May increase the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with Inhibitors). Management: Use of stiripentol with CYP3A4 substrates that are considered to have a narrow therapeutic index should be avoided due to the increased risk for adverse effects and toxicity. Any CYP3A4 substrate used with stiripentol requires closer monitoring. Consider therapy modification

Tacrolimus (Systemic): CYP3A4 Inhibitors (Weak) may increase the serum concentration of Tacrolimus (Systemic). Monitor therapy

Terfenadine: Fosaprepitant may increase the serum concentration of Terfenadine. The active metabolite aprepitant is likely responsible for this effect. Avoid combination

Tocilizumab: May decrease the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with Inducers). Monitor therapy

Triazolam: CYP3A4 Inhibitors (Weak) may increase the serum concentration of Triazolam. Management: Consider triazolam dose reduction in patients receiving concomitant weak CYP3A4 inhibitors. Consider therapy modification

Ubrogepant: CYP3A4 Inhibitors (Weak) may increase the serum concentration of Ubrogepant. Management: In patients taking weak CYP3A4 inhibitors, the initial and second dose (given at least 2 hours later if needed) of ubrogepant should be limited to 50 mg. Consider therapy modification

Vitamin K Antagonists (eg, warfarin): Fosaprepitant may decrease the serum concentration of Vitamin K Antagonists. Monitor therapy

Adverse Reactions

The following adverse drug reactions and incidences are derived from product labeling unless otherwise specified.

Adverse reactions reported with fosaprepitant (as part of a combination chemotherapy regimen) occurring at a higher frequency than standard antiemetic therapy. Also see aprepitant monograph for additional adverse reactions.

>10%:

Central nervous system: Fatigue (15%)

Gastrointestinal: Diarrhea (13%)

1% to 10%:

Central nervous system: Peripheral neuropathy (3%)

Gastrointestinal: Dyspepsia (2%)

Genitourinary: Urinary tract infection (2%)

Hematologic & oncologic: Neutropenia (8%), anemia (3%), leukopenia (2%)

Local: Infusion-site reaction (2% to 3%; includes induration at injection site, infusion-site pain, local pruritus, localized erythema)

Neuromuscular & skeletal: Weakness (4%), limb pain (2%)

<1%, postmarketing, and/or case reports: Anaphylactic shock, anaphylaxis, dyspnea, erythema, flushing, hypersensitivity reaction, hypotension, pruritus, skin rash, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, syncope, toxic epidermal necrolysis, urticaria

Related/similar drugs

Warnings/Precautions

Concerns related to adverse effects:

• Hypersensitivity: Hypersensitivity reactions, including dyspnea, erythema, flushing, hypotension, syncope, and anaphylaxis/anaphylactic shock have been reported during infusions; if symptoms occur, stop infusion; do not reinitiate.

• Infusion-site reactions: Infusion-site reactions, including erythema, pain, edema, thrombophlebitis, pruritus, and injection-site induration have occurred; the majority of severe infusion-related reactions (including thrombophlebitis, vasculitis, and necrosis) have been reported with administration of concomitant vesicant (anthracycline-based) chemotherapy, particularly when associated with extravasation. Most reactions occurred with the first three exposures to single fosaprepitant injections; some reactions persisted ≥2 weeks. Avoid infusing fosaprepitant into small veins or through a butterfly catheter. If a severe infusion-site reaction occurs, stop infusion and administer appropriate therapy.

Dosage form specific issues:

• Polysorbate 80: Some dosage forms may contain polysorbate 80 (also known as Tweens). Hypersensitivity reactions, usually a delayed reaction, have been reported following exposure to pharmaceutical products containing polysorbate 80 in certain individuals (Isaksson 2002; Lucente 2000; Shelley 1995). Thrombocytopenia, ascites, pulmonary deterioration, and renal and hepatic failure have been reported in premature neonates after receiving parenteral products containing polysorbate 80 (Alade 1986; CDC 1984). See manufacturer's labeling.

Other warnings/precautions:

• Appropriate use: Chronic continuous administration is not recommended.

Monitoring Parameters

Monitor INR in patients on chronic warfarin therapy in the 2-week period (particularly at 7 to 10 days) following fosaprepitant administration; monitor for signs/symptoms of hypersensitivity and infusion site reactions.

Reproductive Considerations

Efficacy of hormonal contraceptive may be reduced; alternative or additional methods of contraception should be used during treatment with fosaprepitant and for at least 1 month following the last fosaprepitant dose.

Pregnancy Considerations

Adverse events were not observed in animal reproduction studies.

Patient Education

What is this drug used for?

• It is used to prevent upset stomach and throwing up from chemo.

• It may be given for other reasons. Talk with the doctor.

All drugs may cause side effects. However, many people have no side effects or only have minor side effects. Call your doctor or get medical help if any of these side effects or any other side effects bother you or do not go away:

• Diarrhea

• Painful extremities

• Abdominal pain

• Heartburn

WARNING/CAUTION: Even though it may be rare, some people may have very bad and sometimes deadly side effects when taking a drug. Tell your doctor or get medical help right away if you have any of the following signs or symptoms that may be related to a very bad side effect:

• Urinary tract infection like blood in the urine, burning or painful urination, passing a lot of urine, fever, lower abdominal pain, or pelvic pain

• Infection

• Flushing

• Dizziness

• Passing out

• Fast heartbeat

• Abnormal heartbeat

• Burning or numbness feeling

• Bruising

• Bleeding

• Severe loss of strength and energy

• Severe injection site redness, swelling, blisters, burning, pain or irritation

• Signs of an allergic reaction, like rash; hives; itching; red, swollen, blistered, or peeling skin with or without fever; wheezing; tightness in the chest or throat; trouble breathing, swallowing, or talking; unusual hoarseness; or swelling of the mouth, face, lips, tongue, or throat.

Note: This is not a comprehensive list of all side effects. Talk to your doctor if you have questions.

Consumer Information Use and Disclaimer: This information should not be used to decide whether or not to take this medicine or any other medicine. Only the healthcare provider has the knowledge and training to decide which medicines are right for a specific patient. This information does not endorse any medicine as safe, effective, or approved for treating any patient or health condition. This is only a limited summary of general information about the medicine’s uses from the patient education leaflet and is not intended to be comprehensive. This limited summary does NOT include all information available about the possible uses, directions, warnings, precautions, interactions, adverse effects, or risks that may apply to this medicine. This information is not intended to provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment and does not replace information you receive from the healthcare provider. For a more detailed summary of information about the risks and benefits of using this medicine, please speak with your healthcare provider and review the entire patient education leaflet.

Frequently asked questions

• What is the difference between Cinvanti and Emend?

Further information

Always consult your healthcare provider to ensure the information displayed on this page applies to your personal circumstances.

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