Skip to main content

Celery

Scientific Name(s): Apium graveolens L. var dulce (Mill.) Pers.
Common Name(s): Celery, Celery seed, Celery seed oil

Medically reviewed by Drugs.com. Last updated on May 22, 2024.

Clinical Overview

Use

Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, GI, and cytotoxic effects of celery have been described. A role for celery in cardiovascular disease, CNS disorders, gout, and diabetes has also been suggested; however, clinical studies are lacking to support a place in therapy.

Dosing

Clinical trials guiding celery dosage are limited. In one trial, dl-3-n-butylphthalide 400 mg orally daily (given as one 200 mg capsule twice daily) as part of a 90-day treatment regimen was used to improve outcomes in patients with acute ischemic stroke.

Contraindications

Celery seed is contraindicated in pregnancy.

Pregnancy/Lactation

Avoid use. Celery seed is contraindicated in pregnancy.

Interactions

Celery seed extracts exhibit CYP-450 (particularly CYP2D6) enzyme inhibitory activity.

Adverse Reactions

Allergy, including dermatitis and anaphylaxis (rare), to celery and its constituents has been reported, as has phototoxicity. Raised liver enzymes have been noted with higher doses of dl-3-n-butylphthalide, a synthesized version of an extract from seeds of A. graveolens (l-3-n-butylphthalide).

Toxicology

Celery seed has "generally recognized as safe" (GRAS) status when used as a food, according to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

Scientific Family

Botany

Celery is a biennial plant that was first cultivated in Europe but is grown and consumed worldwide. A number of celery varieties exist, many of which are developed to meet commercial demands for particular colors, tastes, and stalk sizes. Celery generally grows to between 0.3 m and 0.6 m in height. It has tough, ribbed green stems and segmented dark-green leaves containing toothed leaflets. During June and July, small white flowers bloom and later bear the smooth gray seeds. Wet and salty soils, swamps, and marshes are the preferred environments for celery. Celery is blanched to generate the edible white stem during cultivation by burying the stem. Celery seeds have a spicy odor and a spicy, slightly bitter taste. Celery seed oil is obtained by steam distillation of the seed.

Commercial varieties grown in North America are generally called pascal celery. In Europe, the term "celery" is frequently used to refer to a related root vegetable, A. graveolens L. var rapaceum, DC. Wild celery can refer to Vallisneria spiralis L., an aquatic perennial. Essential oil of mountain celery seeds is produced from a related species, Cryptotaenia japonica, and should not be confused with A. graveolens.Duke 2002, Khan 2009, USDA 2019

History

Celery originated as a wild plant that grew in salt marshes around the Mediterranean Sea. In about 450 BC, the Greeks used celery to make a type of wine called selinites, which was given as an award at early athletic games, much like laurel leaves or olive branches. By the Middle Ages, Europeans were cultivating celery. Since then, the plant has been widely used as a food and for medicinal purposes. Late in the 19th century, various celery tonics and elixirs appeared commercially, generally containing the juice of crushed celery seeds and often with a large amount of alcohol. A celery seed–flavored soda, Dr. Brown's Cel-Ray, is available. Celery seed has traditionally been used as a diuretic for bladder and kidney complaints, as well as for arthritis and rheumatism. The essential oil produces sedative effects. Celery continues to be used as a food flavoring and in soaps and gum. Celery has become increasingly popular with dieters because of its high fiber content and the mistaken belief that chewing and digesting the stalks uses more calories than celery contains. Herbalists recommend celery for treatment of arthritis, nervousness, and hysteria. In Asian medicine, celery seed is used to treat headaches and as a diuretic, digestive aid, and emmenagogue. Celery has also been prescribed as an antiflatulent, antilactogen, and aphrodisiac.Al-Asmari 2017, Bisset 1994, Garfield 1985

Chemistry

The celery leafstalk is high in minerals, including sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and iron and nitrates; however, it is a relatively poor source of vitamins except for vitamin C.Afourtit 2015, Meng-Yao 2018

Celery seeds consist of the oil (petroselinic, linoleic, palmitic, and oleic fatty acids) and volatile compounds, mostly monoterpene hydrocarbons.Kooti 2017 The major constituents of celery seed oil are d-limonene (60%), selinene (10%), and related phthalides (3%) (eg, 3-n-butylphthalide, sedanenolide, sedanonic anhydride). Other constituent compounds have been identified. The oil of celery seed is sometimes adulterated with celery chaff oil or d-limonene from less expensive sources.

The presence of potentially toxic polyacetylenes, including falcarinol and falcarindiol, in celery has been described. Ultraviolet spectrographic studies have indicated the presence of a compound similar or identical to 8-methoxypsoralen. Infrared spectography has detected another compound with a furocoumarin glucoside, isoquercitrin. The coumarin glucoside apiumoside has also been identified. Other organic components include isovalerianic aldehyde, propionic aldehyde, and acetaldehyde.Christensen 2006, Garg 1980, Khan 2009, Madjarova 1979, Marongiu 2013, Nagella 2012

Uses and Pharmacology

Anti-inflammatory effects

In vitro data

In in vitro studies, luteolin extracted from celery suppressed proinflammatory cytokines and upregulated cyclooxygenase expression.Christensen 2006, Kasiri 2018, Kim 2014, Park 2013 Further studies have suggested glycosides from the ethanol whole plant extract possess anti-inflammatory effects and inhibit nitric oxide production.Zhu 2017

Antimicrobial activity

Animal and in vitro data

Antifungal, antibacterial, and antiprotozoal activity has been described for celery oil.Baananou 2013, Marongiu 2013, Nagella 2012, Nguyen 2014 Activity against uropathogenic Escherichia coli bladder and kidney infections in rodents has been demonstrated.Sarshar 2018

Antioxidant activity

Animal and in vitro data

Antioxidant activity has been demonstrated and may account for several observed effects of celery.Kooti 2017 Fresh celery flavonoid extracts reduced oxidative stress in rats and mice, as measured in the liver, mitochondria, and spermatozoa.Cao 2012, Choi 2011, Kolarovic 2010, Kooti 2014, Li 2014

Cancer

Animal and in vitro data

Studies have focused on the role of apigenin, extracted from celery seed, as a potential chemotherapeutic agent. Inhibition of cell adhesion, antiangiogenic properties, proapoptosis, and other effects have been demonstrated in studies using human cancer cell lines.Iyer 2019, Kasiri 2018, Kowalczyk 2017, Sung 2016 In vitro and rodent studies suggest essential oil from celery may also possess cytotoxic and antimutagenic properties.Christensen 2006, Hashim 1994, Lim 2013, Zheng 1993

Cardiovascular effects/Dyslipidemia

Animal data

Celery extract has demonstrated vasorelaxant effects on isolated rat aortic rings.Jorge 2013 Celery seed extract exerted hypotensive effects in hypertensive, but not normotensive, rats, possibly due to the n-butylphthalide content.Moghadam 2013, Tang 2017 Limited studies in rodents report improved lipid profiles with celery seed extracts.Abd El-Mageed 2011, Iyer 2011, Iyer 2019, Rouhi-Boroujeni 2015 Additional effects in cardiovascular disease include decreased secretion of proinflammatory cytokines.Tang 2017

Clinical data

Limited clinical studies have been conducted to evaluate the effects of the extracted compound butylphthalide in strokeWang 2018; one study demonstrated superiority of 90-day treatment with dl-3-n-butylphthalide (a synthetic variation of l-3-n-butylphthalide, an extract from seeds of A. graveolens) over aspirin in patients with acute ischemic stroke.Cui 2013 The synthetic version of the compound is clinically approved as an anti-ischemic agent in China.Abdoulaye 2016

CNS effects

Animal data

In older studies, 3-n-butylphthalide showed sedative and anticonvulsant effects in rodents.Khan 2009 In induced Parkinson disease models in mice, extracts from whole A. graveolens plant improved behavioral performance, oxidative stress parameters, and monoamine oxidase A and B activity.Chonpathompikunlert 2018, Huang 2010 Other studies in rodents report improvements in cognition and depression, and modulation of endogenous antioxidant and neurotransmitter systems.Boonruamkae 2017 Reviews exist regarding neuroprotective effects of the flavone luteolin, which is found in several plant products, including celery.Nabavi 2015

Clinical data

Clinical studies are lacking. In the UK Women's Cohort Study conducted in 13,958 women (with approximately 4 years of follow-up), consumption of an additional portion of celery (among other plants) was inversely associated with sleep duration.Noorwali 2018

Diabetes

Animal data

Limited studies in rodents suggest celery seed extract possesses hypoglycemic effects.Yusni 2018

Clinical data

Very limited clinical data exist regarding the effects of celery leaf or seed extract in diabetes. A small study in elderly patients with hyperglycemia (N=16) evaluated the effect of celery leaf on blood glucose and plasma insulin levels. Reductions in plasma glucose levels were reported, but not in plasma insulin levels.Yusni 2018

GI effects

Animal data

A protective effect of celery leaves and seeds on gastric ulceration has been demonstrated in studies of rats.Al-Howiriny 2010, Baananou 2013

Gout

Animal data

Hydroalcoholic extracts of whole A. graveolens plant may have a role in the management of gout, based on reduced serum uric acid levels in a study of rodents with induced hyperuricemia. Inhibition of hepatic xanthine dehydrogenase and xanthine oxidase was suggested.Dolati 2018

Dosing

Clinical trials guiding celery dosage are limited. In one trial, dl-3-n-butylphthalide 400 mg orally daily (given as one 200 mg capsule twice daily) as part of a 90-day treatment regimen was used to improve outcomes in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Higher doses were associated with elevated liver enzymes.Cui 2013

Pregnancy / Lactation

Avoid use. Celery seed is contraindicated in pregnancy, as it may have uterotonic activity and has been used traditionally as an emmenagogue.Ernst 2002, Khan 2009 Celery has also been used for its antigalactic properties.Duke 2002, Kolarovic 2010

Limited studies in rodents suggest increased testosterone and improved sperm count and motility with supplemental celery oil.Kooti 2017

Interactions

Although celery seed extract exhibits CYP-450 (particularly CYP2D6) enzyme inhibitory activity,Nguyen 2014 limited data suggest that interactions are unlikely.Powanda 2015, Tang 2017

A case report exists in which a woman experienced a manic episode 48 hours after adding celery root extract (1,000 mg/day) to her major depressive disorder treatment regimen of venlafaxine (75 mg/day) and St. John's wort (600 mg/day). Total venlafaxine and metabolite levels were elevated, and serotonin syndrome was ruled out. The symptoms, likely due to a CYP2D6-dependent interaction, resolved upon cessation of the celery root extract.Khalid 2016

In a study in rats given an extract of fresh celery, increased plasma captopril levels were reported.Siska 2018

Antithrombotic effects have been described for celery seed extracts.Cui 2013 Potentiation of monoamine oxidase inhibitors is possible.Jäger 2013

Agents with antiplatelet properties: Herbs (anticoagulant/antiplatelet properties) may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of agents with antiplatelet properties. Bleeding may occur. Consider therapy modification.Mousa 2010, Spolarilch 2007, Stanger 2012, Ulbricht 2008

Anticoagulants: Herbs (anticoagulant/antiplatelet properties) may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of anticoagulants. Bleeding may occur. Consider therapy modification.Choi 2017, Fan 2017, Heck 2000, Izzat 1998, Jiang 2005, Kruth 2004, Lambert 2001, Mousa 2010, Shi 2012, Spolarilch 2007, Stanger 2012, Tsai 2013, Ulbricht 2008, Vaes 2000, Wang 2015

Herbs (anticoagulant/antiplatelet properties): Herbs (anticoagulant/antiplatelet properties) may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of other herbs (anticoagulant/antiplatelet properties). Bleeding may occur. Consider therapy modification.Mousa 2010, Spolarilch 2007, Stanger 2012, Ulbricht 2008

Hypoglycemia-associated agents: Herbs (hypoglycemic properties) may enhance the hypoglycemic effect of hypoglycemia-associated agents. Monitor therapy.Hui 2009

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents: Herbs (anticoagulant/antiplatelet properties) may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. Bleeding may occur. Consider therapy modification.Mousa 2010, Spolarilch 2007, Stanger 2012, Ulbricht 2008

Salicylates: Herbs (anticoagulant/antiplatelet properties) may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of salicylates. Bleeding may occur. Consider therapy modification.Mousa 2010, Spolarilch 2007, Stanger 2012, Ulbricht 2008

Thrombolytic agents: Herbs (anticoagulant/antiplatelet properties) may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of thrombolytic agents. Bleeding may occur. Consider therapy modification.Mousa 2010, Spolarilch 2007, Stanger 2012, Ulbricht 2008

Adverse Reactions

Allergy, including dermatitis and anaphylaxis (rare), and phototoxicity to celery and its falcarinol content have been described.Christensen 2006, Duke 2002, Khan 2009, Pauli 1985

Raised liver enzymes have been noted in phase 3 trials of dl-3-n-butylphthalide 800 mg/day.Cui 2013

Toxicology

Celery seed has GRAS status when used as a food.Khan 2009 Neurotoxicity in rats due to the seed's chemical constituent falcarinol has been demonstrated.Christensen 2006 While celery root contains furocoumarins (particularly psoralens), the concentration in normal dietary intake is at least 1,000-fold lower than the no observed effect level for developing liver or cancer in rats.Dolan 2010 Limited toxicological studies suggest celery seed extract lacks toxicity at normal dosages.Powanda 2015

Index Terms

References

Disclaimer

This information relates to an herbal, vitamin, mineral or other dietary supplement. This product has not been reviewed by the FDA to determine whether it is safe or effective and is not subject to the quality standards and safety information collection standards that are applicable to most prescription drugs. This information should not be used to decide whether or not to take this product. This information does not endorse this product as safe, effective, or approved for treating any patient or health condition. This is only a brief summary of general information about this product. It does NOT include all information about the possible uses, directions, warnings, precautions, interactions, adverse effects, or risks that may apply to this product. This information is not specific medical advice and does not replace information you receive from your health care provider. You should talk with your health care provider for complete information about the risks and benefits of using this product.

This product may adversely interact with certain health and medical conditions, other prescription and over-the-counter drugs, foods, or other dietary supplements. This product may be unsafe when used before surgery or other medical procedures. It is important to fully inform your doctor about the herbal, vitamins, mineral or any other supplements you are taking before any kind of surgery or medical procedure. With the exception of certain products that are generally recognized as safe in normal quantities, including use of folic acid and prenatal vitamins during pregnancy, this product has not been sufficiently studied to determine whether it is safe to use during pregnancy or nursing or by persons younger than 2 years of age.

Abd El-Mageed NM. Hepatoprotective effect of feeding celery leaves mixed with chicory leaves and barley grains to hypercholesterolemic rats. Pharmacogn Mag. 2011;7(26):151-156.21716923
Abdoulaye IA, Guo YJ. A review of recent advances in neuroprotective potential of 3-N-butylphthalide and its derivatives. Biomed Res Int. 2016;2016:5012341.28053983
Affourtit C, Bailey SJ, Jones AM, Smallwood MJ, Winyard PG. On the mechanism by which dietary nitrate improves human skeletal muscle function. Front Physiol. 2015;6:211.26283970
Al-Asmari AK, Athar MT, Kadasah SG. An updated phytopharmacological review on medicinal plant of Arab region: Apium graveolens Linn. Pharmacogn Rev. 2017;11(21):13-18.28503047
Al-Howiriny T, Alsheikh A, Alqasoumi S, Al-Yahya M, ElTahir K, Rafatullah S. Gastric antiulcer, antisecretory and cytoprotective properties of celery (Apium graveolens) in rats. Pharm Biol. 2010;48(7):786-793.20645778
Apium graveolens L. USDA, NRCS. 2014. The PLANTS database (http://plants.usda.gov, 27 April 2019). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA.
Baananou S, Bouftira I, Mahmoud A, Boukef K, Marongiu B, Boughattas NA. Antiulcerogenic and antibacterial activities of Apium graveolens essential oil and extract. Nat Prod Res. 2013;27(12):1075-1083.22934666
Bisset N, ed. Herbal Drugs and Phytopharmaceuticals. Stuttgart, Germany: Scientific Publishers; 1994.
Boonruamkaew P, Sukketsiri W, Panichayupakaranant P, et al. Apium graveolens extract influences mood and cognition in healthy mice. J Nat Med. 2017;71(3):492-505.28205135
Cao J, Zhang X, Wang Q, Jia L, Zhang Y, Zhao X. Influence of flavonoid extracts from celery on oxidative stress induced by dichlorvos in rats. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2012;31(6):617-625.22045891
Choi EM. Luteolin protects osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells from antimycin A-induced cytotoxicity through the improved mitochondrial function and activation of PI3K/Akt/CREB. Toxicol In Vitro. 2011;25(8):1671-1679.21782929
Choi S, Oh DS, Jerng UM. A systematic review of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions of herbal medicine with warfarin. PLoS One. 2017;12(8):e0182794.28797065
Chonpathompikunlert P, Boonruamkaew P, Sukketsiri W, Hutamekalin P, Sroyraya M. The antioxidant and neurochemical activity of Apium graveolens L. and its ameliorative effect on MPTP-induced Parkinson-like symptoms in mice. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2018;18(1):103.29558946
Christensen LP, Brandt K. Bioactive polyacetylenes in food plants of the Apiaceae family: occurrence, bioactivity and analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2006;41(3):683-693.16520011
Cui LY, Zhu YC, Gao S, et al. Ninety-day administration of dl-3-n-butylphthalide for acute ischemic stroke: a randomized, double-blind trial. Chin Med J (Engl). 2013;126(18):3405-3410.24034079
Dolan LC, Matulka RA, Burdock GA. Naturally occurring food toxins. Toxins (Basel). 2010;2(9):2289-2332.22069686
Dolati K, Rakhshandeh H, Golestani M, Forouzanfar F, Sadeghnia R, Sadeghnia HR. Inhibitory effects of Apium graveolens on xanthine oxidase activity and serum uric acid levels in hyperuricemic mice. Prev Nutr Food Sci. 2018;23(2):127-133.30018891
Duke JA. Handbook of Medicinal Herbs. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2002.
Ernst E. Herbal medicinal products during pregnancy: are they safe? BJOG. 2002;109(3):227-235.11950176
Fan Y, Adam TJ, McEwan R, Pakhomov SV, Melton GB, Zhang R. Detecting signals of interactions between warfarin and dietary supplements in electronic health records. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2017;245:370-374.29295118
Garfield E. From tonic to psoriasis—stalking celery's secrets. Current Contents. 1985;16(8):3.
Garg SK, Gupta SR, Sharma ND, et al. Glucosides of Apium graveolens. Planta Medica. 1980;38(4):363-365.
Hashim S, Aboobaker VS, Madhubala R, Bhattacharya RK, Rao AR. Modulatory effects of essential oils from spices on the formation of DNA adduct by aflatoxin B1 in vitro. Nutr Cancer. 1994;21(2):169-175.8058527
Heck AM, DeWitt BA, Lukes AL. Potential interactions between alternative therapies and warfarin. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2000;57(13):1221-1227.10902065
Huang JZ, Chen YZ, Su M, et al. Dl-3-n-Butylphthalide prevents oxidative damage and reduces mitochondrial dysfunction in an MPP(+)-induced cellular model of Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Lett. 2010;475(2):89-94.20347933
Hui H, Tang G and Go VL. Hypoglycemic herbs and their action mechanisms. Chin Med. 2009;4:11.19523223
Iyer D, Patil UK. Effect of chloroform and aqueous basic fraction of ethanolic extract from Apium graveolens L. in experimentally-induced hyperlipidemia in rats. J Complement Integr Med. 2011;8.22718672
Iyer D, Patil UK. Assessment of antihyperlipidemic and antitumor effect of isolated active phytoconstituents from Apium graveolens L. through bioassay-guided procedures. J Diet Suppl. 2018;16(2):193-206.29624455
Izzat MB, Yim AP, El-Zufari MH. A taste of Chinese medicine! Ann Thorac Surg. 1998;66(3):941-942.9768962
Jäger AK, Gauguin B, Andersen J, Adsersen A, Gudiksen L. Screening of plants used in Danish folk medicine to treat depression and anxiety for affinity to the serotonin transporter and inhibition of MAO-A. J Ethnopharmacol. 2013;145(3):822-825.23266274
Jiang X, Williams KM, Liauw WS, et al. Effect of ginkgo and ginger on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2005;59(4):425-432.15801937
Jorge VG, Ángel JR, Adrián TS, et al. Vasorelaxant activity of extracts obtained from Apium graveolens: possible source for vasorelaxant molecules isolation with potential antihypertensive effect. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2013;3(10):776-779.24075341
Kaminski CN, Davidson GR, Ryser ET. Listeria monocytogenes transfer during mechanical dicing of celery and growth during subsequent storage. J Food Prot. 2014;77(5):765-771.24780331
Kasiri N, Rahmati M, Ahmadi L, Eskandari N. The significant impact of apigenin on different aspects of autoimmune disease. Inflammopharmacology. 2018;26(6):1359-1373.30229507
Khalid Z, Osuagwu FC, Shah B, Roy N, Dillon JE, Bradley R. Celery root extract as an inducer of mania induction in a patient on venlafaxine and St John's wort. Postgrad Med. 2016;128(7):682-683.27467225
Khan IA, Abourashed EA. Leung's Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics. 3rd ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley; 2009.
Kim HJ, Lee W, Yun JM. Luteolin inhibits hyperglycemia-induced proinflammatory cytokine production and its epigenetic mechanism in human monocytes. Phytother Res. 2014;28(9):1383-1391.24623679
Kolarovic J, Popovic M, Zlinská J, Trivic S, Vojnovic M. Antioxidant activities of celery and parsley juices in rats treated with doxorubicin. Molecules. 2010;15(9):6193-6204.20877216
Kooti W, Mansouri E, Ghasemiboroon M, Harizi M, Amirzargar A. Protective effects of celery (Apium Graveolens) on testis and cauda epididymal spermatozoa in rat. Iran J Reprod Med. 2014;12(5):365-366.25031583
Kooti W, Daraei N. A review of the antioxidant activity of celery (Apium graveolens L). J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med. 2017;22(4):1029-1034.28701046
Kooti W, Moradi M, Peyro K, et al. The effect of celery (Apium graveolens L.) on fertility: a systematic review. J Complement Integr Med. 2017;15(2).28985183
Kowalczyk A, Bodalska A, Miranowicz M, Karłowicz-Bodalska K. Insights into novel anticancer applications for apigenin. Adv Clin Exp Med. 2017;26(7):1143-1146.29211364
Kruth P, Brosi E, Fux R, Morike K, Gleiter CH. Ginger-associated overanticoagulation by phenprocoumon. Ann Pharmacother. 2004;38(2):257-260.14742762
Lambert JP, Cormier J. Potential interaction between warfarin and boldo-fenugreek. Pharmacotherapy. 2001 Apr;21(4):509-12.11310527
Li P, Jia J, Zhang D, Xie J, Xu X, Wei D. In vitro and in vivo antioxidant activities of a flavonoid isolated from celery (Apium graveolens L. var. dulce). Food Funct. 2014;5(1):50-56.24232123
Li MY, Hou XL, Wang F, Tan GF, Xu ZS, Xiong AS. Advances in the research of celery, an important Apiaceae vegetable crop. Crit Rev Biotechnol. 2018;38(2):172-183.28423952
Lim SH, Jung SK, Byun S, et al. Luteolin suppresses UVB-induced photoageing by targeting JNK1 and p90 RSK2. J Cell Mol Med. 2013;17(5):672-680.23551430
Madjarova D, Bubarova M, Hristova I. The biochemical nature of forms obtained by the remote hybridization between genera-Apium, Petroselinum. II. Essential oils. Herba Hungarica. 1979;18(3):185.
Marongiu B, Piras A, Porcedda S, et al. Isolation of the volatile fraction from Apium graveolens L. (Apiaceae) by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction and hydrodistillation: chemical composition and antifungal activity. Nat Prod Res. 2013;27(17):1521-1527.22974401
Meng-Yao L, Hou XL, Wang F, et al. Advances in the research of celery, an important Apiaceae vegetable crop. Crit Rev Biotechnol. 2018;38(2):172-183.28423952
Moghadam MH, Imenshahidi M, Mohajeri SA. Antihypertensive effect of celery seed on rat blood pressure in chronic administration. J Med Food. 2013;16(6):558-563.23735001
Mousa SA. Antithrombotic effects of naturally derived products on coagulation and platelet function. Methods Mol Biol. 2010;663:229-240.20617421
Nabavi SF, Braidy N, Gortzi O, et al. Luteolin as an anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective agent: a brief review. Brain Res Bull. 2015;119(pt A):1-11.26361743
Nagella P, Ahmad A, Kim SJ, Chung IM. Chemical composition, antioxidant activity and larvicidal effects of essential oil from leaves of Apium graveolens. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol. 2012;34(2):205-209.21740094
Nguyen S, Huang H, Foster BC, et al. Antimicrobial and P450 inhibitory properties of common functional foods. J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2014;17(2):254-265.24934554
Noorwali E, Hardie L, Cade J. Fruit and vegetable consumption and their polyphenol content are inversely associated with sleep duration: prospective associations from the UK Women's Cohort Study. Nutrients. 2018;10(11).30463296
Park CM, Song YS. Luteolin and luteolin-7-O-glucoside inhibit lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses through modulation of NF-ΚB/AP-1/PI3K-Akt signaling cascades in RAW 264.7 cells. Nutr Res Pract. 2013;7(6):423-429.24353826
Pauli G, Bessot JC, Dietemann-Molard A, Braun PA, Thierry R. Celery sensitivity: clinical and immunological correlations with pollen allergy. Clin Allergy. 1985;15(3):273-279.4006177
Powanda MC, Whitehouse MW, Rainsford KD. Celery seed and related extracts with antiarthritic, antiulcer, and antimicrobial activities. Prog Drug Res. 2015;70:133-153.26462366
Rouhi-Boroujeni H, Rouhi-Boroujeni H, Heidarian E, Mohammadizadeh F, Rafieian-Kopaei M. Herbs with anti-lipid effects and their interactions with statins as a chemical anti-hyperlipidemia group drugs: a systematic review. ARYA Atheroscler. 2015;11(4):244-251.26478732
Sarshar S, Sendker J, Qin X, et al. Antiadhesive hydroalcoholic extract from Apium graveolens fruits prevents bladder and kidney infection against uropathogenic E. coli.Fitoterapia. 2018;127:237-244.29496563
Shi S, Klotz U. Drug interactions with herbal medicines. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2012;51(2):77-104.22257149
Siska S, Mun Im A, Bahtiar A, Suyatna FD. Effect of Apium graveolens extract administration on the pharmacokinetics of captopril in the plasma of rats. Sci Pharm. 2018;86(1).29462958
Spolarich AE, Andrews L. An examination of the bleeding complications associated with herbal supplements, antiplatelet and anticoagulant medications. J Dent Hyg. 2007;81(3):67.17908423
Stanger MJ, Thompson LA, Young AJ, et al. Anticoagulant activity of select dietary supplements. Nutr Rev. 2012;70(2):107-117.22300597
Sung B, Chung HY, Kim ND. Role of apigenin in cancer prevention via the induction of apoptosis and autophagy. J Cancer Prev. 2016;21(4):216-226.28053955
Tang D, Chen K, Huang L, Li J. Pharmacokinetic properties and drug interactions of apigenin, a natural flavone. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2017;13(3):323-330.27766890
Tang GY, Meng X, Li Y, Zhao CN, Liu Q, Li HB. Effects of vegetables on cardiovascular diseases and related mechanisms. Nutrients. 2017;9(8).28796173
Tsai HH, Lin HW, Lu YH, Chen YL, Mahady GB. A review of potential harmful interactions between anticoagulant/antiplatelet agents and Chinese herbal medicines. PLoS One. 2013;8(5):e64255.23671711
Ulbricht C, Chao W, Costa D, et al. Clinical evidence of herb-drug interactions: a systematic review by the natural standard research collaboration. Curr Drug Metab. 2008;9(10):1063-1120.19075623
Vaes LP, Chyka PA. Interactions of warfarin with garlic, ginger, ginkgo, or ginseng: nature of the evidence. Ann Pharmacother. 2000;34(12):1478-1482.11144706
Wang CZ, Moss J, Yuan CS. Commonly used dietary supplements on coagulation function during surgery. Medicines (Basel). 2015;2(3):157-185.26949700
Wang S, Ma F, Huang L, et al. Dl-3-n-butylphthalide (NBP): a promising therapeutic agent for ischemic stroke. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets. 2018;17(5):338-347.29895257
Yusni Y, Zufry H, Meutia F, Sucipto KW. The effects of celery leaf (Apium graveolens L.) treatment on blood glucose and insulin levels in elderly pre-diabetics. Saudi Med J. 2018;39(2):154-160.29436564
Zheng GQ, Kenney PM, Zhang J, Lam LK. Chemoprevention of benzo[a]pyrene-induced forestomach cancer in mice by natural phthalides from celery seed oil. Nutr Cancer. 1993;19(1):77-86.8446516
Zhu LH, Bao TH, Deng Y, Li H, Chen LX. Constituents from Apium graveolens and their anti-inflammatory effects. J Asian Nat Prod Res. 2017;19(11):1079-1086.28971709

Further information

Always consult your healthcare provider to ensure the information displayed on this page applies to your personal circumstances.

Medical Disclaimer

Copyright © 2025 Wolters Kluwer Health