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Nimodipine (Monograph)

Brand name: Nimotop
Drug class: Dihydropyridines
- Calcium-Channel Blocking Agents, Dihydropyridine
- Calcium Antagonists
VA class: CV200
Chemical name: 1,4-Dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid 2-methoxyethyl 1-methylethyl ester
Molecular formula: C21H26N2O7
CAS number: 66085-59-4

Medically reviewed by Drugs.com on Jan 22, 2024. Written by ASHP.

Warning

  • Do not administer contents of nimodipine oral capsules by IV or other parenteral routes.1 245 246 248 249 250

  • Death and serious, life-threatening adverse effects reported following parenteral injection of the contents of nimodipine capsules.1 245 246 248 249 250 (See Parenteral Administration under Cautions and see Hypotension and Other Cardiovascular Effects under Cautions and see Oral Administration under Dosage and Administration.)

Introduction

A dihydropyridine-derivative calcium-channel blocking agent that affects the CNS preferentially.1 4 5 13 22 96 d

Uses for Nimodipine

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Used to improve neurologic outcome by reducing the incidence and severity of ischemic deficits in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage resulting from ruptured intracranial berry aneurysms regardless of the patient’s postictal neurologic condition (e.g., Hunt and Hess grades I–V).1 2 4 5 8 20 21 22 23 69 95 109 230 231

Decreases severity and incidence of delayed ischemic neurologic deficits associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage.1 2 5 20 21 22 23 40 82 95 231

Efficacy in reducing mortality from subarachnoid hemorrhage after oral administration not fully established.1 20 69 95

Acute Ischemic Stroke

Limited evidence suggests that nimodipine may improve neurologic recovery and reduce mortality compared with plasma volume expansion therapy or placebo in some patients with acute ischemic stroke† [off-label].4 10 76 77 220 240 241 247

Migraine

Has been used with equivocal results for reduction of frequency and possibly severity and duration of vascular headaches (e.g., migraine attacks) in patients with classic or common migraine† [off-label].4 8 11 12 78 79 80 90 101 114 206 233 244

Also has been used in a few patients with cluster headache† [off-label].90 100 114

Additional studies are needed to determine the role of nimodipine relative to that of other therapies used in the management of migraine headaches78 79 80 206 230 231 and to determine whether tolerance to the prophylactic effects of the drug develops during chronic therapy.206

Nimodipine Dosage and Administration

Administration

Oral Administration

Nimodipine capsules are for oral administration only.1 245 246 248 249 250 (See Boxed Warning.)

Administer orally every 4 hours, preferably at least 1 hour before or 2 hours after meals.1

Nasogastric Tube

If the oral capsule cannot be swallowed (e.g., when administered at the time of surgery or to an unconscious patient), puncture the capsule at both ends with an 18-gauge needle and empty the contents into a syringe,1 249 250 preferably using a syringe designed for nasogastric or percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy administration (e.g., Toomey syringe).246 250 To help minimize administration errors, label the syringe for oral use only; not for IV use.1 245 248 249 250 The contents of the capsule should then be emptied into the patient’s nasogastric tube.1 249 250 Following administration, flush with 30 mL of 0.9% sodium chloride solution.1 245 246 249

Reinforce awareness among health-care professionals of potential medical errors that may result in inadvertent injection of syringe contents into an IV line or via other parenteral routes.246 248 249 250 (See Parenteral Administration under Cautions, see Hypotension and Other Cardiovascular Effects under Cautions, and see Boxed Warning.)

If inadvertent IV administration of contents of nimodipine capsules occurs, administer vasopressor agents for cardiovascular support if required for clinically important hypotension and promptly administer specific treatment for overdosage associated with calcium-channel blocking agents.1 246

The contents of the capsule should not be admixed with any solution prior to oral administration because of the possibility of drug decomposition.230

IV Administration

The contents of nimodipine capsules must not be administered by IV injection or any other parenteral route; serious adverse effects such as hypotension, cardiovascular collapse, and cardiac arrest have occurred with such administration.1 248 249 250 Report adverse events or medication errors involving nimodipine capsules to the FDA MedWatch program.248 250

Has been administered by IV infusion† [off-label] (IV dosage form currently is not commercially available in the US)d in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage, often in conjunction with intracisternal† [off-label] application during surgery67 117 119 120 214 and usually followed by oral therapy.5 67 93 116 117 118 119 120 214

Dosage

Adults

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Oral

60 mg every 4 hours for 21 consecutive days.1 5 Initiate therapy as soon as possible after the occurrence of subarachnoid hemorrhage, preferably within 96 hours.1 4 5 20 230 231

It has been suggested that the drug may be discontinued after 14 consecutive days (but not earlier) in some uncomplicated cases in which early aneurysm surgery is performed.231

In patients in whom surgical repair of the aneurysm is performed relatively late (e.g., day 20), some clinicians suggest continuation of therapy for ≥5 days after surgery to minimize the possibility of postoperative vasospasm.4 231

It has been suggested that patients with unstable BP receive a lower dosage (e.g., 30 mg every 4 hours);4 231 however, the manufacturer states that the usual adult dosage should be used in such patients.230 (See Hypotension and Other Cardiovascular Effects under Cautions.)

Acute Ischemic Stroke†
Oral

120 mg daily given in divided doses for 21 or 28 days has been used.76 77 242 247

Migraine†
Prophylaxis of Classic or Common Migraine†
Oral

120 mg daily given in divided doses has been used.4 8 11 12 78 79 80 101 114 206

Special Populations

Hepatic Impairment

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Oral

Initially, 30 mg every 4 hours.1 5 89

Monitor BP and heart rate closely.1 5 89 May use pharmacologic support of BP (e.g., vasopressors such as norepinephrine or dopamine), if necessary.230 231

Renal Impairment

No specific dosage recommendations.1

Geriatric Patients

Select dosage with caution because of age-related decreases in hepatic, renal, and/or cardiac function and concomitant disease and drug therapy.1

Detailed Nimodipine dosage information

Cautions for Nimodipine

Contraindications

Warnings/Precautions

Warnings

Parenteral Administration

Do not administer contents of nimodipine oral capsules by IV or other parenteral routes.1 245 246 248 249 250 Death and serious life-threatening adverse effects (e.g., cardiac arrest, cardiovascular collapse, hypotension, bradycardia) reported following parenteral injection of nimodipine capsule contents.1 245 246 248 249 250 (See Hypotension and Other Cardiovascular Effects under Cautions and see Boxed Warning.)

IV use of nimodipine, with serious and sometimes fatal outcomes, continues to be reported despite revisions to the drug’s labeling (including addition of a boxed warning) that warn against such use.248 249 250

Factors identified by FDA as contributing to this error include use of IV syringes to administer the drug by NG tube (IV syringes sometimes are used to remove the liquid contents from the capsules) and the fact that most patients receiving the drug are in critical care settings and are receiving other IV therapy.249 250

Report adverse events or medication errors involving nimodipine capsules to the FDA MedWatch program.248 250

General Precautions

Hypotension and Other Cardiovascular Effects

IV administration of the contents of nimodipine capsules† has resulted in serious cardiovascular effects.1 248 249 250 (See Parenteral Administration under Cautions and see Boxed Warning.)

Possible decreased systemic BP;1 decreases generally are not marked with usual oral dosages.1 2 6 7 20 21 22 23 54 69 132

Monitor BP closely during therapy.1 In patients with unstable BP, frequently monitor BP and heart rate; a lower dosage has been suggested.231 (See Subarachnoid Hemorrhage under Dosage and Administration.)

Shares the toxic potentials of other calcium-channel blocking agents; consider possible occurrence of other adverse effects associated with these drugs (e.g., AV-conduction disturbances).1 7 128 230 231

GI Effects

Intestinal pseudo-obstruction and ileus responsive to conservative management has been reported rarely.1 127

Specific Populations

Pregnancy

Category C.1

Lactation

Distributed into milk in rats;1 91 not known whether distributed into human milk.1 Discontinue nursing because of potential risk to nursing infants.1

Pediatric Use

Safety and efficacy not established in children <18 years of age.1 230

Geriatric Use

Insufficient experience in patients ≥65 years of age to determine whether geriatric patients respond differently than younger adults; select dosage with caution.1

Hepatic Impairment

Possible decreased metabolism, substantially reduced clearance, and increased peak plasma concentrations.1 89 (See Absorption: Special Populations and see also Elimination: Special Populations, under Pharmacokinetics.)

Possible hypotension.1 4 90 230 231 Use with caution; monitor BP and pulse rate closely; dosage adjustment recommended.1 (See Hepatic Impairment under Dosage and Administration.)

Renal Impairment

Clearance may be decreased.88 (See Elimination: Special Populations, under Pharmacokinetics.)

Common Adverse Effects

Decreased BP, headache.1 4 5 23 112 122 154 230 231

Drug Interactions

Specific Drugs

Drug

Interaction

Comments

Anesthetic agents

Does not appear to potentiate hemodynamic effects of anesthetic agents during surgery54 230 231

Antineoplastic agents

Risk of enhanced cytotoxic effects of certain antineoplastic agents140 141 190 191 192 193 195 215 216 217 218 219

Clinical importance not known230 231

Antihypertensive agents

Possible additive antihypertensive effects1 93

Monitor BP carefully if used concomitantly; when possible use short-acting antihypertensive agents231

Reduced dosage or cautious discontinuance of the antihypertensive agent and/or initiation of pharmacologic support of BP may be required230 231

Calcium-channel blockers (e.g., diltiazem)

Possible potentiation of cardiovascular effects of nimodipine (e.g., negative inotropic effect)155

Clinical importance not known;1 230 231 avoid combined therapy if possible231

Cimetidine

Decreased clearance and increased plasma nimodipine concentrations1 243

Clinical importance not known243

Digoxin

Low doses (i.e., 30 mg twice daily) of nimodipine do not alter the pharmacokinetics or hemodynamic effects of digoxin137

Fentanyl

Possible potentiation of analgesia in patients undergoing heart surgery154

Phenytoin

Possible decreased phenytoin metabolism1 179

Monitor plasma phenytoin concentrations when nimodipine is initiated or discontinued179

No drug interactions reported in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage receiving concomitant therapy 230
Nimodipine drug interactions (more detail)

Nimodipine Pharmacokinetics

Absorption

Bioavailability

Rapidly1 46 85 89 213 and almost completely4 5 213 absorbed following oral administration, with peak concentrations attained within 1 hour.1 46 89 213

Bioavailability is about 13% and variable due to extensive first-pass metabolism in the liver.1 46 85 213 230

Food

Food substantially decreases the extent of absorption; peak plasma concentrations reduced by 68% and bioavailability by 38%.1

Special Populations

In patients with hepatic cirrhosis, systemic availability, peak serum drug concentrations, and AUCs may be increased substantially.1 89 230

Distribution

Extent

Widely distributed into body tissues after oral or IV administration in animals.87

Distributes to a limited extent into CSF.4 22 86 231

May distribute more extensively into CSF in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage.1 230

In animals, nimodipine crosses the placenta4 87 and is distributed into milk.1 91

Plasma Protein Binding

>95%.1 4 213

Elimination

Metabolism

Extensively metabolized in the liver1 5 4 88 89 213 to either inactive or substantially less active metabolites1 124 125 213 principally via demethylation followed by dehydrogenation.4 85 86

Elimination Route

Following oral administration, approximately 50% excreted in urine as metabolites and to a lesser extent in feces (possibly secondary to biliary excretion).4

In animals, nimodipine and/or its metabolites appear to undergo extensive enterohepatic circulation;123 possible enterohepatic circulation in humans.89

Half-life

Following oral administration: 1.7–9 hours.1 4 5 46 85 86 88 89 213

Following IV (IV dosage form currently is not commercially available in the US)d administration: 0.9–1.5 hours.4 46 85 86 213

Special Populations

Substantially decreased clearance in patients with hepatic dysfunction.4 89 231 Mean clearance rates in patients with hepatic cirrhosis were decreased by >50% in one study.89

Increased half-life and reduced plasma clearance reported in patients with renal impairment; findings may have been related in part to age-related reductions in liver function.88

Hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis not likely to affect elimination.1 230 231

Stability

Storage

Oral

Capsules

25°C (may be exposed to 15–30°C) in the original container.1 Do not freeze; protect from light.1 129

Actions

Preparations

Excipients in commercially available drug preparations may have clinically important effects in some individuals; consult specific product labeling for details.

Please refer to the ASHP Drug Shortages Resource Center for information on shortages of one or more of these preparations.

niMODipine

Routes

Dosage Forms

Strengths

Brand Names

Manufacturer

Oral

Capsules, liquid-filled

30 mg

Nimotop

Bayer

AHFS DI Essentials™. © Copyright 2024, Selected Revisions February 1, 2011. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc., 4500 East-West Highway, Suite 900, Bethesda, Maryland 20814.

† Off-label: Use is not currently included in the labeling approved by the US Food and Drug Administration.

References

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