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Isotretinoin (Monograph)

Brand names: Amnesteem, Claravis, Sotret
Drug class: Keratolytic Agents

Medically reviewed by Drugs.com on May 10, 2024. Written by ASHP.

Warning

Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS):

FDA approved a REMS for isotretinoin to ensure that the benefits outweigh the risks. (See Restricted Distribution under Dosage and Administration.) The REMS may apply to one or more preparations of isotretinoin and consists of the following: medication guide, elements to assure safe use, and implementation system. See https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/rems/.

Warning

  • Known human teratogen; extremely high risk of severe birth defects if administered during pregnancy; may be life-threatening.201 203 (See Fetal/Neonatal Morbidity and Mortality under Cautions.)

  • iPLEDGE restricted distribution program is in effect to help ensure that fetal exposure does not occur.201 203 The iPLEDGE program specifies monthly requirements for the prescribing clinician, patient, and pharmacist.201 (See Restricted Distribution under Dosage and Administration.)

  • Contraindicated in female patients who are or may become pregnant and in female patients of childbearing potential, unless they comply with all the special conditions required by the iPLEDGE restricted distribution program.201 202 203

  • Pregnancy must be excluded by monthly negative serum or urine pregnancy test results and prevented by simultaneous use of 2 forms of reliable contraception.201 203 (See Advice to Patients.)

  • If pregnancy occurs, immediately discontinue drug and refer patient to an obstetrician/gynecologist experienced in reproductive toxicity for further evaluation and counseling.201 202 203 (See Pregnancy under Cautions.)

Introduction

Synthetic retinoid; anti-acne drug.1 2 93 108

Uses for Isotretinoin

Severe Nodular Acne

Treatment of severe recalcitrant nodular (cystic) acne unresponsive to conventional acne therapies, including oral and/or topical anti-infectives.1 29 30 31 32 33 104 105

Safety and efficacy not established for less severe forms of acne.79 89 108

Disorders of Keratinization† [off-label]

Has been used for the treatment of cutaneous disorders of keratinization† [off-label] unresponsive to conventional therapies (e.g., corticosteroids, topical tretinoin).58 59 60 87 88 93 108 114

Psoriasis† [off-label]

Has been used alone and in combination with a psoralen and UVA light (PUVA therapy) in the treatment of psoriasis† [off-label].61 93 108 115 116 117

Neoplasms† [off-label]

Has been used in the prevention, treatment, and adjunctive treatment of various cutaneous and extracutaneous malignant neoplasms† (of epithelial origin); however, the specific role of isotretinoin, if any, not established.4 46 58 63 64 65 66 94 97 118 160 161

Isotretinoin Dosage and Administration

General

Severe Nodular Acne

Administration

Restricted Distribution

Distribution of isotretinoin is restricted because of known, severe teratogenic effects.201 203 (See Boxed Warning and also see Fetal/Neonatal Morbidity and Mortality under Cautions.)

A centralized risk management program, called iPLEDGE, for all isotretinoin preparations was approved by FDA; this program replaced previous restricted distribution programs sponsored by various manufacturers.201 202 203 204 The program requires registration of wholesalers, prescribers, pharmacies, and patients; all must agree to accept specific responsibilities designed to minimize pregnancy exposures in order to distribute, prescribe, dispense, or use isotretinoin.201 202 203

The iPLEDGE program strengthened processes to ensure appropriately timed and properly documented pregnancy testing and counseling of patients before, during, and following isotretinoin therapy; the program is computer based and uses verifiable, trackable links between prescriber, patient, pharmacy, and wholesaler in a single registry to control prescribing, distribution, dispensing, and patient use of isotretinoin.201 202 203

To obtain detailed information on all requirements for patients (e.g., contraception, pregnancy testing), prescribing clinicians (e.g., program enrollment, patient registration, patient education), and dispensing pharmacists (e.g., obtaining dispensing authorization, providing patient medication guides), see the iPLEDGE program website at [Web].201 202 203

To facilitate pregnancy testing and counseling in accordance with the iPLEDGE program, clinicians must not prescribe more than a 30-day supply of drug.201 203 Telephone, fax, and electronic transmission (e.g., e-mail) of prescriptions are permitted.202 Refills require a new prescription and another authorization from the iPLEDGE program; automatic refills are not allowed.201 203

Pharmacists must dispense prescriptions prior to the date specified by the iPLEDGE system (7 days from the office visit date) and record this date on the prescription bag sticker.201 203 Patients must pick up prescriptions no later than this date; if not picked up by that date, pharmacists must return the drug to stock.201

Oral Administration

Administer orally twice daily with meals;1 105 111 once-daily dosing not recommended.105 196 197

To decrease the risk of esophageal irritation, swallow capsules whole with a full glass of liquid; do not suck or chew the capsules.105

Dosage

Pediatric Patients

Severe Nodular Acne
Oral

Adolescents ≥12 years of age: usual initial dosage is 0.5–1 mg/kg daily given in 2 divided doses with food.105 Adjust subsequent dosage after ≥2 weeks of treatment according to individual tolerance and response, using the lowest possible effective dosage.105

Usual duration of therapy: 15–20 weeks; discontinue therapy sooner if the total number of cysts has been reduced by more than 70%.102

A second course of therapy may be initiated if severe nodular acne persists and it is thought that the patient could benefit from further treatment; optimum interval between initial and subsequent courses of isotretinoin therapy has not been defined for adolescents who have not completed skeletal growth.105

Adults

Severe Nodular Acne
Oral

Usual initial dosage: 0.5–1 mg/kg daily given in 2 divided doses with food.105 Adjust subsequent dosage after ≥2 weeks of treatment according to individual tolerance and response, using the lowest possible effective dosage.105 If disease is severe or is mainly evident on the chest and back, instead of the face, dosages up to 2 mg/kg daily may be required.105

Usual duration of therapy: 15–20 weeks; discontinue therapy sooner if the total number of cysts has been reduced by more than 70%.102

A second course of therapy may be initiated if severe nodular acne persists and it is thought that the patient could benefit from further treatment; however, at least 2 months should elapse between courses in adults to assess the degree of improvement and the need for further therapy.105

Prescribing Limits

Pediatric Patients

Severe Nodular Acne
Oral

Maximum 2 mg/kg daily.105

Adults

Severe Nodular Acne
Oral

Maximum 2 mg/kg daily.105

Detailed Isotretinoin dosage information

Cautions for Isotretinoin

Contraindications

Warnings/Precautions

Warnings

Fetal/Neonatal Morbidity and Mortality

Extremely high risk of severe birth defects (possibly life-threatening) if pregnancy occurs while receiving isotretinoin in any amount even for short periods of time; teratogenicity generally characterized by malformations involving craniofacial, cardiovascular, thymus and parathyroid gland, and CNS structures.100 143 144 145 146 147 173 203 Cases of IQ scores <85 with or without obvious CNS abnormalities also have been reported.203 Spontaneous abortions and premature births also reported.203 Contraindicated in female patients who are or who may become pregnant.201 203 (See Boxed Warning and also see Advice to Patients.) Distribution is restricted.201 203 (See Restricted Distribution under Dosage and Administration.)

Blood Donations

Potential risk to the developing fetus from exposure to transfused blood containing isotretinoin; blood donation not recommended for both male and female patients during isotretinoin therapy and for at least 1 month following discontinuance of the drug.203

Psychiatric Disorders

May cause depression, psychosis, and, rarely, suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, suicide, and aggressive and/or violent behaviors;185 186 187 188 189 203 etiology not known.203 Prescribing clinicians should be familiar with manifestations of psychiatric disorders in adolescents and young adults and alert to the warning signs of psychiatric disorders in order to guide patients to receive the help they need.203

Prior to initiating therapy, ask patients and family members about any history of psychiatric disorder.203 At each visit during therapy, assess patients for symptoms of depression, mood disturbance, psychosis, or aggression to determine whether further evaluation is necessary.203

Patients who experience symptoms of depression, mood disturbance, psychosis, or aggression after initiating isotretinoin therapy should discontinue the drug and the patient or family member should promptly contact their prescribing clinician without waiting for the next scheduled visit.203 Discontinuance of the drug may be insufficient and further evaluation of the patient may be needed.203

Such monitoring may not detect all patients at risk.203 If a patient reports mental health problems or a family history of psychiatric disorders, discuss with the patient and/or the patient’s family; may need to refer patient to a mental health professional in some cases.203 Consider whether isotretinoin therapy is appropriate; for some patients, potential risks may outweigh potential benefits.203

Pseudotumor Cerebri

Pseudotumor cerebri (benign intracranial hypertension), usually associated with headache, visual disturbances, and papilledema, reported; some patients with pseudotumor cerebri were receiving concomitant tetracycline therapy.105 107 141

Screen patients who develop manifestations of pseudotumor cerebri (e.g., headache, nausea and vomiting, visual disturbances) for the presence of papilledema and, if present, discontinue the drug immediately and refer to a neurologist for further evaluation and care.105

Pancreatitis

Possible acute, life-threatening pancreatitis (e.g., hemorrhagic pancreatitis) with either elevated or normal serum triglyceride concentrations;105 108 132 133 use with caution in patients with preexisting elevated fasting serum triglyceride concentrations and in patients with increased tendency to develop hypertriglyceridemia (e.g., patients with diabetes mellitus, obesity, increased alcohol intake).105 108

If serum triglyceride concentrations cannot be controlled at an acceptable level or if symptoms of pancreatitis occur, discontinue therapy.105

Hepatitis

Clinical hepatitis reported; mild to moderate elevations of hepatic enzymes reported, which resolved despite continued therapy in some patients.105 Perform pretreatment and follow-up liver function tests at weekly or biweekly intervals until response to isotretinoin is established.105

If hepatitis is suspected or abnormal liver function test results develop and persist during isotretinoin therapy, discontinue the drug and investigate the cause of the abnormality.105

Effects on Lipoproteins

Possible lipid abnormalities (e.g., hyperlipidemia, elevated fasting triglycerides and cholesterol, decreased HDL-cholesterol); usually reversible with cessation of therapy.105

Monitor fasting blood lipid levels prior to initiating therapy and at weekly or biweekly intervals until lipid response is established.1 105 If alcohol is consumed prior to testing, at least 36 hours should elapse before these determinations are made.105

Use with caution in patients with diabetes mellitus, obesity, increased alcohol intake, lipid metabolism disorder or familial history of lipid metabolism disorder.105 More frequent serum lipid and/or glucose monitoring recommended in such patients.105

Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Inflammatory bowel syndrome (including regional ileitis) has been reported in patients without a history of intestinal disorders.105 105

If abdominal pain, rectal bleeding, or severe diarrhea occurs, immediately discontinue therapy.105 Symptoms may persist even after discontinuance of isotretinoin therapy.105

Musculoskeletal Effects

Possible arthralgias, hyperostosis, premature epiphyseal closure, osteoporosis, osteopenia, bone loss or fractures, and delayed healing of bone fractures; do not exceed recommended dosage and/or duration of treatment.105

Participation in sports with repetitive impact, where the risks of spondylolisthesis with and without pars fractures and hip growth plate injuries in early and late adolescence are known, may increase the risk of developing such adverse effects.105 196 197

Use with caution in patients with a genetic predisposition for age-related osteoporosis; a history of childhood osteoporosis conditions, osteomalacia, or other disorders of bone metabolism; in patients diagnosed with anorexia nervosa; and in those receiving chronic drug therapy with agents that induce osteoporosis/osteomalacia and/or affect vitamin D metabolism (e.g., systemic corticosteroids, anticonvulsants).105 196 197

Otic Effects

Hearing impairment or tinnitus reported, sometimes persisting even after discontinuance of isotretinoin.105 If such otic effects occur during therapy, discontinue the drug and consult an appropriate specialist for further evaluation.105

Ocular Effects

Possible corneal opacities, cataracts, and decreased night vision.105 If visual difficulties occur during therapy, discontinue the drug and perform an ophthalmologic examination.105

Sensitivity Reactions

Hypersensitivity Reactions

Possible anaphylactic or allergic reactions; cutaneous allergic reactions and serious allergic vasculitis, often with purpura of extremities and extracutaneous involvement (e.g., renal).105

If such reactions occur, discontinue therapy and institute appropriate treatment.105

Paraben Sensitivity

Some formulations contain parabens; contraindicated in sensitive patients.203

Photosensitivity

Photosensitivity reactions reported;1 6 29 105 minimize exposure of treated areas to natural or artificial (e.g., sunlamps) sunlight.105

General Precautions

Hematologic Effects

Possible anemia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, and (rarely) agranulocytosis; discontinue the drug if clinically important decreases in leukocyte counts occur.203

Dermatologic Effects

Possible scarring; avoid wax epilation and skin resurfacing procedures (such as dermabrasion, laser) during therapy and for at least 6 months thereafter.105

Specific Populations

Pregnancy

Category X.203

Report all pregnancies during or up to 1 month following therapy to FDA Medwatch Program at 1-800-FDA-1088 and also to the iPLEDGE pregnancy registry at 1-866-495-0654 or through the program’s website ([Web]).201 202 203 (See Fetal/Neonatal Morbidity and Mortality under Cautions and also see Boxed Warning.)

Lactation

Not known whether isotretinoin is distributed into milk; contraindicated in nursing women.105

Pediatric Use

Safety and efficacy not established in children <12 years of age.105 No substantial differences in efficacy of the drug in adolescents ≥12 years of age relative to adults.105

Possible increased risk for adverse musculoskeletal effects (e.g., arthralgias, back pain, premature closure of the epiphyses); use with caution in adolescents 12–17 years of age, particularly those with known metabolic or structural bone disease.105 (See Musculoskeletal Effects under Cautions.)

Perform appropriate evaluations of the musculoskeletal system if symptoms of such effects occur during or after a course of isotretinoin therapy.105 If any substantial abnormality is found, consider discontinuing therapy.105

Titrate dosage carefully; do not exceed recommended dosage and duration of treatment.105 196 197 Effects of long-term or multiple courses of isotretinoin therapy on the developing musculoskeletal system remain to be established.105

Geriatric Use

Insufficient experience in patients ≥65 years of age to determine whether geriatric patients respond differently than younger adults.105

Common Adverse Effects

Cheilitis, conjunctivitis, hypertriglyceridemia, and adverse musculoskeletal effects (e.g., bone or joint pain, generalized muscle aches, arthralgia).105

Drug Interactions

Metabolized principally by CYP2C8, 2C9, 3A4, and 2B6.105 Does not inhibit CYP2C9.105

Specific Drugs

Drug

Interaction

Comment

Corticosteroids

Possible additive effects on bone loss196 197 203

Use with caution196 197 203

Hormonal contraceptives

Possible risk of contraceptive failure, particularly in female patients using a single contraceptive method or when used concomitantly with St. John’s wort203

Use 2 effective forms of contraception simultaneously, at least 1 of which must be a primary form 203

Phenytoin

Possible additive effects on bone loss196 197 203

Use with caution196 197 203

St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum)

Possible risk of hormonal contraceptive failure during concomitant use203

Avoid concomitant use203

Tetracyclines

Possible increased risk for pseudotumor cerebri (benign intracranial hypertension)105 196 197

Avoid concomitant use105 196 197

Vitamin A

Possible additive adverse effects105

Avoid concomitant use105
Isotretinoin drug interactions (more detail)

Isotretinoin Pharmacokinetics

Absorption

Bioavailability

Rapidly absorbed from the GI tract following an initial lag time of about 0.5–2 hours.53 110 111 112

Actual oral bioavailability not yet determined in humans; in animals, oral bioavailability is about 25%, possibly because of biodegradation of the drug in the GI lumen and/or metabolism of the drug during absorption (in the GI mucosa) and first pass through the liver.53

Food

Food appears to increase the bioavailability of isotretinoin without altering its disposition.105

Distribution

Extent

Following oral administration in animals, the drug is distributed into many tissues including liver, ureters, adrenals, ovaries, and lacrimal glands.1 Distributed into bile in humans.53 54 113 Unlike vitamin A, isotretinoin is not stored in the liver.7

Crosses the placenta in animals.1 55

It is not known if isotretinoin is distributed into milk.1

Distributes into semen of male patients taking the drug; however, the amount delivered to a female partner in semen would be about 1 million times lower than an oral dose of 40 mg.105 191

Plasma Protein Binding

>99%, principally albumin.105

Elimination

Metabolism

Metabolized in the liver by CYP microsomal enzyme system, principally by CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP3A4, and CYP2B6 isoenzymes, to several active metabolites (e.g., 4-oxo-isotretinoin, retinoic acid [tretinoin], and 4-oxo-retinoic acid [4-oxo-tretinoin]).105

Elimination Route

Excreted in urine and feces in relatively equal amounts as conjugates of isotretinoin and its metabolites.105

Half-life

Biphasic; initial phase half-life (t½α) averages 0.5 hours53 and the half-life in the terminal phase (t½β) averages 10–20 hours (range: 7–39 hours).53 108 110 112

Stability

Storage

Oral

Capsules

15–30°C in tight, light-resistant containers.2 105

Actions

Advice to Patients

Additional Information

The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. represents that the information provided in the accompanying monograph was formulated with a reasonable standard of care, and in conformity with professional standards in the field. Readers are advised that decisions regarding use of drugs are complex medical decisions requiring the independent, informed decision of an appropriate health care professional, and that the information contained in the monograph is provided for informational purposes only. The manufacturer’s labeling should be consulted for more detailed information. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. does not endorse or recommend the use of any drug. The information contained in the monograph is not a substitute for medical care.

Preparations

Excipients in commercially available drug preparations may have clinically important effects in some individuals; consult specific product labeling for details.

Please refer to the ASHP Drug Shortages Resource Center for information on shortages of one or more of these preparations.

Isotretinoin is available only through a restricted distribution program.201 (See Restricted Distribution under Dosage and Administration.)

ISOtretinoin

Routes

Dosage Forms

Strengths

Brand Names

Manufacturer

Oral

Capsules, liquid-filled

10 mg

Amnesteem

Mylan

Claravis

Barr

Sotret (with parabens)

Ranbaxy

20 mg

Amnesteem

Mylan

Claravis

Barr

Sotret (with parabens)

Ranbaxy

30 mg

Sotret (with parabens)

Ranbaxy

40 mg

Amnesteem

Mylan

Claravis

Barr

Sotret (with parabens)

Ranbaxy

AHFS DI Essentials™. © Copyright 2024, Selected Revisions May 10, 2024. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc., 4500 East-West Highway, Suite 900, Bethesda, Maryland 20814.

† Off-label: Use is not currently included in the labeling approved by the US Food and Drug Administration.

References

Only references cited for selected revisions after 1984 are available electronically.

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