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Flecainide Acetate (Monograph)

Drug class: Class Ic Antiarrhythmics

Medically reviewed by Drugs.com on Jun 10, 2024. Written by ASHP.

Warning

    Mortality

  • In the Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial (CAST), excessive mortality and nonfatal cardiac arrest reported in patients with asymptomatic non-life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias (e.g., premature ventricular contractions [PVCs]) and recent MI (>6 days, but <2 years previously) who were receiving flecainide (5.1%) compared with placebo (2.3%).1 190 302 (See Mortality under Cautions.)

  • Although not known whether these findings can be extrapolated to other patient populations (e.g., patients without recent MI), it is prudent to consider the risks of class Ic antiarrhythmic agents in addition to the lack of evidence of improved survival generally unacceptable in patients without life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias, even in patients experiencing unpleasant, but non-life-threatening symptoms.1

    Proarrhythmic Effects in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation/Flutter

  • Do not use in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation because of risk of ventricular proarrhythmia (e.g., PVCs, VT, VF, death).1 (See Patients with Chronic Atrial Fibrillation under Cautions.)

  • Some patients with atrial flutter may develop 1:1 AV conduction.1 Paradoxically, an increase in ventricular rate also may occur in patients with atrial fibrillation; concomitant use of drugs with negative chronotropic effects (e.g., digoxin, β-adrenergic blocking agents) may reduce this risk.1

Introduction

Local anesthetic-type class Ic antiarrhythmic agent.1 3 4 5 6 7 146 147

Uses for Flecainide Acetate

Ventricular Arrhythmias

Suppression and prevention of recurrent ventricular arrhythmias (e.g., sustained VT) that, in the clinician’s judgment, are considered life-threatening.1 3 4 5 24 52 53 77 89 90 91 92 110 125 161 162 166 175 176 177 178 179 (See Boxed Warning.)

Because of arrhythmogenic potential and associated risk of death, use of flecainide for less severe arrhythmias (e.g., PVCs) not recommended.1 162 163 164 166 170 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 186 190 211 302

No evidence that use is associated with beneficial effect on mortality or sudden death.1 91 92 109 163 164 167 170 171

Supraventricular Tachyarrhythmias

Prevention of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT), including AV nodal reentrant tachycardia and AV reentrant tachycardia (e.g., Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome); other symptomatic, disabling, supraventricular tachycardias of unspecified mechanisms; and symptomatic, disabling paroxysmal atrial fibrillation/flutter (PAF) in patients without structural heart disease.1 35 110 115 140 192 193 194 197 198 199 200 201 206 300

One of several drugs that may be used for ongoing management of PSVT in patients without structural or ischemic heart disease; however, because of adverse effects, use generally reserved for patients in whom other therapies (e.g., catheter ablation, β-adrenergic blocking agents, diltiazem, verapamil) are ineffective or contraindicated.300

Considered a drug of choice for pharmacologic cardioversion of atrial fibrillation or flutter† [off-label].300 301

May be used for ongoing management of other supraventricular tachycardias (e.g., focal atrial tachycardia† [off-label], junctional tachycardia† [off-label]).113 120 149 300

Because of risk of proarrhythmia, do not use in patients with structural heart disease or ischemic heart disease.1 300

Flecainide Acetate Dosage and Administration

General

Transferring from Other Antiarrhythmic Agents

Administration

Oral Administration

Administer orally in 2 equally divided doses daily at 12-hour intervals.1

If arrhythmias are not adequately controlled or drug is not well tolerated with twice-daily dosing, may administer at 8-hour intervals.1 59 89 146 150

Extemporaneously Compounded Oral Solution

Extemporaneously compounded oral solutions of flecainide acetate have been prepared.247

Standardize 4 Safety

Standardized concentrations for an extemporaneously compounded oral solution of flecainide have been established through Standardize 4 Safety (S4S), a national patient safety initiative to reduce medication errors, especially during transitions of care.252 Because recommendations from the S4S panels may differ from the manufacturer’s prescribing information, caution is advised when using concentrations that differ from labeling, particularly when using rate information from the label.252 For additional information on S4S (including updates that may be available), see [Web].252

Table 1: Standardize 4 Safety Compounded Oral Liquid Standards for Flecainide252

Concentration Standards

10 mg/mL

Dosage

Available as flecainide acetate; dosage expressed in terms of the salt.1

Adjust dosage carefully according to individual patient response and tolerance.1 3 89

To minimize effects on cardiac conduction, use lowest possible effective dosage.1 (See Effects on Cardiac Conduction under Cautions.)

Steady-state plasma concentrations and optimum therapeutic effect may not be attained for 3–5 days (or longer in some patients); do not increase dosage more frequently than once every 4 days.1 76

Oral loading doses generally not used since arrhythmogenicity and congestive heart failure may occur.1 However, single oral loading doses (e.g., 200–300 mg) have been used for conversion of recent-onset atrial fibrillation to normal sinus rhythm† [off-label] (“pill-in-the-pocket” approach) in individuals with mild or no structural heart disease.224 228 233 235 236 240 241 242 243 244 301

Pediatric Patients

Supraventricular and Ventricular Arrhythmias
Oral

Consult specialized references.1 (See Pediatric Use under Cautions.)

Infants <6 months of age: Initial dosage approximately 50 mg/m2 daily, divided into 2 or 3 equally spaced doses.1

Children ≥6 months of age: Initial dosage may be increased to 100 mg/m2 daily.1

Obtain plasma trough (<1 hour before dosing) flecainide concentrations and ECG at steady state (after at least 5 doses) after initiation of therapy or after any change in dosing.1 Plasma drug concentrations may be labile in patients receiving higher dosages.1 Small changes in dosage may lead to disproportionate increases in plasma drug concentrations.1

During first year of therapy, manufacturer suggests that a 12-lead ECG and plasma trough flecainide concentration be obtained whenever the patient is seen for clinical follow-up.1 Usual therapeutic concentration in children is 200–500 ng/mL, although concentrations up to 800 ng/mL may be required.1

Adults

Ventricular Arrhythmias
Oral

Sustained VT: Initially, 100 mg every 12 hours.1 May increase dosage in increments of 50 mg twice daily every 4 days until optimum response is obtained; maximum recommended dosage is 400 mg daily.1

Higher initial dosages and more rapid dosage increases associated with increased incidence of proarrhythmic events and congestive heart failure, particularly during first few days of therapy.1

Dosages >300 mg daily generally not required.1

Supraventricular Tachyarrhythmias
Oral

PSVT or PAF: Initially, 50 mg every 12 hours.1 192 193 200 May increase dosage in increments of 50 mg twice daily every 4 days until optimum response is obtained; maximum recommended dosage is 300 mg daily.1

Self-administration for Conversion of PAF† [off-label]
Oral

Patients ≥70 kg: 300 mg as a single oral loading dose 5 minutes after onset of palpitations.224 242

Patients <70 kg: 200 mg as a single oral loading dose 5 minutes after onset of palpitations.224 242

Remain in sitting or supine position until resolution of palpitations or for ≥4 hours after dose.224 242 Seek medical advice if palpitations do not resolve within 6–8 hours, if previously unexperienced symptoms (e.g., dyspnea, presyncope, syncope) occur, or if marked increase in heart rate occurs.224

Do not take more than one dose during a 24-hour period.224

Prescribing Limits

Pediatric Patients

Supraventricular and Ventricular Arrhythmias
Oral

Maximum 200 mg/m2 daily.1

Adults

Ventricular Arrhythmias
Oral

Maximum 400 mg daily.1

Supraventricular Tachyarrhythmias
Oral

Maximum 300 mg daily for treatment of paroxysmal supraventricular arrhythmias.1

Self-administration for Conversion of Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation†
Oral

Maximum 300 mg as single oral dose in 24-hour period for adults ≥70 kg.224 242 224

Maximum 200 mg as single oral dose in 24-hour period for adults <70 kg.224 242

Special Populations

Hepatic Impairment

Monitor plasma concentrations closely to guide dosage adjustments.1 3 (See Hepatic Impairment under Cautions.)

Increase dosage with caution and at intervals of >4 days.1

Renal Impairment

In patients with severe renal impairment (Clcr ≤35 mL/minute), initial dosage of 100 mg once daily or 50 mg twice daily recommended.1 (See Renal Impairment under Cautions.)

In patients with moderate renal impairment, initial dosage of 100 mg every 12 hours recommended.1

Monitor plasma concentrations closely to guide dosage adjustments.1

Increase dosage with caution and at intervals of >4 days; closely monitor for adverse cardiac effects or other toxicity.1

Detailed Flecainide dosage information

Cautions for Flecainide Acetate

Contraindications

Warnings/Precautions

Warnings

Mortality

Increased risk of mortality or nonfatal cardiac arrest reported in post-MI patients with non-life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias.1 161 163 174 175 176 177 181 182 190 191 302 (See Boxed Warning.)

Limit use of flecainide in patients with ventricular arrhythmias to those with life-threatening arrhythmias;1 161 163 170 176 177 178 181 use in patients with less severe ventricular arrhythmias, even when symptomatic, is not recommended.1 161 163 170 176 177 178

Do not use in patients with recent or prior MI.1 302

Patients with Chronic Atrial Fibrillation

Manufacturer states not adequately studied and not recommended in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation; possible VT or VF or paradoxical increase in ventricular rate.1 207 208 209 (See Boxed Warning.)

Arrhythmogenic Effects

Potential for new and/or more severe or potentially fatal arrhythmias (principally ventricular tachyarrhythmias but also increased PVCs or supraventricular arrhythmias).1 27 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 151 159 Risk appears to be related to dosage and underlying cardiac disease.1 27 151

Clinical and ECG evaluations are essential prior to and during therapy.1 89 Follow recommended dosage schedule closely.1 27 Monitor plasma drug concentrations and avoid concentrations >1 mcg/mL.1 27 If possible, avoid concomitant use of other antiarrhythmic agents.27 43 44 (See Antiarrhythmic Agents under Interactions.)

Heart Failure

Potential for new or worsened CHF, particularly in patients with cardiomyopathy, preexisting severe CHF (NYHA class III or IV), or ejection fraction <30%.1

If CHF or myocardial dysfunction develops, dosage reduction, discontinuance of therapy, or modification of other drug therapy (e.g., digoxin, diuretics) may be necessary.1

Use with caution in patients with a history of CHF or myocardial dysfunction,1 89 146 151 154 particularly those with advanced failure or dysfunction.19 27 62 63 89 91 146 Carefully monitor such patients; do not exceed recommended initial dosage.1 Monitor plasma flecainide concentrations and adjust dosage to maintain trough concentrations <0.7–1 mcg/mL.1

Effects on Cardiac Conduction

To minimize effects on cardiac conduction, use lowest possible effective dosage.1

Consider dosage reduction if PR interval increases to ≥300 ms,1 QRS duration increases to ≥180 ms,1 or QTc interval increases substantially.46 50 89

If 2nd or 3rd degree AV block or bifascicular block occurs, discontinue flecainide unless a temporary or implanted artificial ventricular pacemaker is in place to ensure adequate ventricular rate.1 89

Torsades de pointes-type arrhythmia reported rarely.1

Patients with Sinus Node Dysfunction

Potential for sinus bradycardia, pause, or arrest in patients with sick sinus syndrome (including bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome); use with extreme caution, if at all,136 in such patients.1 90 151

Changes in Endocardial Pacing Threshold

Potential for increased endocardial pacing threshold and suppression of ventricular escape rhythms.1 32 38 39

Use with caution in patients with permanent artificial pacemakers or temporary pacing electrodes;1 32 38 39 do not administer to patients with existing poor thresholds or nonprogrammable artificial pacemakers unless suitable pacing rescue is available.1

In patients with pacemakers, determine pacing threshold before and 1 week after initiating therapy and at regular intervals thereafter.1

Potassium Imbalance

Correct any preexisting potassium imbalance before initiating flecainide.1

Specific Populations

Pregnancy

Category C.1

Lactation

Distributed into milk.1

Pediatric Use

Safety and efficacy not established in randomized controlled studies.1 Limited data suggest that flecainide may be useful for management of refractory supraventricular tachycardias in pediatric patients.127 300

Possible proarrhythmic effects.1 Has been associated with cardiac arrest and sudden death in pediatric patients with structural heart disease.1 Because of these risks, flecainide generally not a preferred antiarrhythmic drug in pediatric patients.300

Use should be supervised directly by a cardiologist experienced in the treatment of arrhythmias in children.1 Initiate therapy in hospital setting equipped with ECG monitoring.1

Hepatic Impairment

Elimination may be markedly prolonged; use in patients with substantial hepatic impairment only if benefits clearly outweigh risks.1 Monitor plasma concentrations.1 3 (See Hepatic Impairment under Dosage and Administration.)

Renal Impairment

Elimination may be impaired; use with caution.1 70 Monitor plasma concentrations.1 (See Renal Impairment under Dosage and Administration.)

Common Adverse Effects

Dizziness,1 visual disturbances,1 3 4 5 30 58 59 76 77 78 94 95 96 97 98 101 102 103 104 124 150 dyspnea,1 headache,1 30 94 95 97 98 102 103 104 nausea,1 94 95 97 fatigue,1 124 palpitation,1 chest pain.1

Drug Interactions

Metabolized by CYP2D6.1

Antiarrhythmic Agents

Potential for increased risk of arrhythmogenic effects;27 43 91 126 additive, synergistic, or antagonistic cardiac effects; or additive adverse effects.108 112 131 136

Avoid concomitant use with other antiarrhythmic agents if possible;1 27 43 44 reserve such concomitant therapy for carefully selected patients with severe refractory arrhythmias.77 92 108 110 111 112 122 (See Transferring from Other Antiarrhythmic Agents under Dosage and Administration.)

Diuretics

No apparent interaction when used concomitantly with diuretics.1

Drugs Affecting Hepatic Microsomal Enzymes

CYP2D6 inhibitors: Possible increase in plasma flecainide concentrations, particularly in extensive metabolizers.1

Protein-bound Drugs

Pharmacokinetic interaction unlikely.1

Specific Drugs and Foods

Drug or Food

Interaction

Comments

Acidifying agents (e.g., ammonium chloride)

Urinary excretion of flecainide increased and elimination half-life decreased in presence of very acidic urine 80 85

Flecainide dosage adjustment may be necessary70

Alkalinizing agents (e.g., high-dose antacids, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, sodium bicarbonate)

Urinary excretion of flecainide decreased and elimination half-life increased in presence of very alkaline urine 80 85

Flecainide dosage adjustment may be necessary70

Amiodarone

Increased plasma flecainide concentrations by twofold1

Reduce flecainide dosage by 30–50%1 131 142 156 157 and monitor patient closely;1 142 monitor plasma flecainide concentrations and adjust dosage as necessary1 142

Antacids

No effect on rate or extent of flecainide absorption1 70 72

β-adrenergic blocking agents (e.g., propranolol)

Potential for additive negative inotropic effects;1 effects on PR interval were less than additive1

Increased plasma concentrations of flecainide and propranolol by 20 and 30%, respectively1 133

Carbamazepine

Increased rate of flecainide elimination1

Cimetidine

Possible reduction in nonrenal and renal clearance of flecainide135

Increased elimination half-life and plasma concentrations of flecainide by 10 and 30%, respectively1

Possible flecainide dosage reduction; further study needed135

Clozapine

Possible increased plasma flecainide concentrations246

Use with caution and monitor closely, especially patients with extensive-metabolizer phenotype246

Adjust flecainide and/or clozapine dosage as necessary246

Digoxin

Possible increased plasma digoxin concentrations1 132 133 134

Monitor for signs of digoxin toxicity133 134

Diltiazem

Experience is too limited to recommend concomitant use1

Disopyramide

Potential for negative inotropic effects1

Use concomitantly only if potential benefits outweigh risk1

Milk

Possible reduction of flecainide absorption in infants1

Consider reducing flecainide dosage when milk is removed from infant’s diet1

Nifedipine

Experience is too limited to recommend concomitant use1

Phenytoin

Possible increased rate of flecainide elimination1

Phenobarbital

Possible increased rate of flecainide elimination1

Quinidine

Possible increased plasma flecainide concentrations1

Verapamil

Potential for additive negative inotropic effects1

Use concomitantly only if potential benefits outweigh risk1
Flecainide drug interactions (more detail)

Flecainide Acetate Pharmacokinetics

Absorption

Bioavailability

Rapidly and almost completely absorbed following oral administration,1 70 71 72 73 with peak plasma concentrations generally reached within approximately 3 hours (range: 1–6 hours).1 56 70 71 72 73 Absolute bioavailability is approximately 85–90%.70

No substantial first-pass metabolism.1 70 71

Food

Food may slightly decrease rate70 but does not affect extent of absorption.1 70 72

Milk may inhibit absorption in infants.1

Plasma Concentrations

Trough plasma concentrations are 0.2–1 mcg/mL in most patients successfully treated with flecainide.1 59 77 92 189

In children, usual therapeutic concentration is 0.2–0.5 mcg/mL, although concentrations up to 0.8 mcg/mL may be required.1

Increased risk of adverse cardiac effects (e.g., conduction defects, bradycardia) at plasma concentrations >0.7–1 mcg/mL, particularly when concentrations >1 mcg/mL.1 27 45 50 78

Distribution

Extent

Distributed into milk.1

Plasma Protein Binding

About 40–50%.1 70 81 82 83

Elimination

Metabolism

Extensively metabolized, probably in the liver, to 2 major metabolites and at least 3 unidentified minor metabolites;1 70 73 unlikely that major metabolites contribute substantially to therapeutic or toxic effects.70 86

CYP2D6 involved in metabolism.1

Elimination Route

Excreted almost completely in urine; only small amounts of drug and/or metabolites excreted in feces.1 70 73

Plasma clearance is decreased when urine pH ≥8.1

Half-life

Biphasic; elimination half-life is about 11.5–16 hours following single or multiple doses in healthy adults.56 70 72 80 Elimination half-life following multiple doses in patients with PVCs slightly longer, averaging 19–22 hours (range: 12–30 hours).1 30 58 59 75 76

Special Populations

In patients with PVCs,1 30 58 59 70 75 76 CHF,1 56 70 or renal1 70 or hepatic impairment, elimination half-life is prolonged.1

In children, elimination half-life tends to decrease with age (around 29 hours at birth, 11–12 hours by 3 months of age, 6–8 hours by 1–12 years of age, and 11–12 hours by 12–15 years of age).1

Stability

Storage

Oral

Tablets

Tight, light-resistant containers at 20–25°C.1

Actions

Advice to Patients

Additional Information

The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. represents that the information provided in the accompanying monograph was formulated with a reasonable standard of care, and in conformity with professional standards in the field. Readers are advised that decisions regarding use of drugs are complex medical decisions requiring the independent, informed decision of an appropriate health care professional, and that the information contained in the monograph is provided for informational purposes only. The manufacturer’s labeling should be consulted for more detailed information. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. does not endorse or recommend the use of any drug. The information contained in the monograph is not a substitute for medical care.

Preparations

Excipients in commercially available drug preparations may have clinically important effects in some individuals; consult specific product labeling for details.

Please refer to the ASHP Drug Shortages Resource Center for information on shortages of one or more of these preparations.

* available from one or more manufacturer, distributor, and/or repackager by generic (nonproprietary) name

Flecainide Acetate

Routes

Dosage Forms

Strengths

Brand Names

Manufacturer

Oral

Tablets

50 mg*

Flecainide Acetate Tablets

100 mg*

Flecainide Acetate Tablets

150 mg*

Flecainide Acetate Tablets

AHFS DI Essentials™. © Copyright 2024, Selected Revisions June 10, 2024. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc., 4500 East-West Highway, Suite 900, Bethesda, Maryland 20814.

† Off-label: Use is not currently included in the labeling approved by the US Food and Drug Administration.

References

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