Drug class: Ergot-derivative Dopamine Receptor Agonists
VA class: AU900
Chemical name: 1-[(6-allylergolin-8β-yl)-carbonyl]-1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-3-ethylurea
Molecular formula: C₂₆H₃₇N₅O₂
CAS number: 81409-90-7

Medically reviewed by Drugs.com on Apr 24, 2024. Written by ASHP.

Introduction

An ergot-derivative dopamine receptor agonist and prolactin inhibitor.^{1 2 3 8 10 11 12 15}

Uses for Cabergoline

Hyperprolactinemic Disorders

Treatment of hyperprolactinemic disorders, including those caused by pituitary adenomas (i.e., prolactinomas) and those with unknown cause (idiopathic hyperprolactinemia).^{1 2 3 13 14}

Treatment of prolactinomas may or may not be necessary depending on size of tumor.¹³¹ Therapy is routinely indicated for macroadenomas (tumor ≥10 mm), but not for microadenomas unless there is a compelling indication (e.g., infertility in a patient desiring pregnancy).^{131 132}

Dopamine agonists are considered first-line therapy of hyperprolactinemia and prolactinomas.^{131 132} These drugs can decrease prolactin concentrations, reduce tumor mass, and restore gonadal function.^{1 2 3 13 14 128 131 132}

Cabergoline is usually preferred over bromocriptine because of its longer duration of action, greater efficacy, and more favorable adverse effect profile.^{128 131 132 133}

Parkinsonian Syndrome

Has been used for the symptomatic management of parkinsonian syndrome^{† [off-label]}.^{4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11} However, ergot-derived dopamine agonists such as cabergoline no longer recommended in the treatment of parkinson disease because of risks of serious adverse effects (e.g., cardiac valvulopathy); if dopamine agonist therapy is required, a nonergot-derived dopamine agonist (e.g., pramipexole, ropinirole, rotigotine) should be used.^{123 124 125 126 127 128 157}

Acromegaly

Has been used for the treatment of acromegaly^{† [off-label]}.^{128 129 130 134 135} However, transsphenoidal surgery is first-line treatment for this condition; in patients who cannot undergo surgery or who have persistent disease after surgery, somatostatin receptor agonists (e.g., octreotide, lanreotide) are the drugs of choice for primary medical treatment.^{129 130 134}

Dopamine agonists generally considered only for adjuvant medical therapy in patients with mild disease following surgery.^{128 129 130 134}

Cabergoline is most likely to benefit patients with modest elevations of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I levels).^{129 134}

Related/similar drugs

bromocriptine, Dostinex, Parlodel, pergolide

Cabergoline Dosage and Administration

Administration

Oral Administration

Administer orally without regard to meals.¹

Dosage

Adults

Hyperprolactinemic Disorders

Oral

Initiate with low dosage and increase slowly (at ≥4-week intervals) until therapeutic response is achieved.¹

Initially, 0.25 mg twice weekly; may increase in increments of 0.25 mg twice weekly up to 1 mg twice weekly.¹ Base dosage adjustments on serum prolactin concentrations; use lowest effective dosage.¹

Periodically evaluate patient to determine continued need for therapy.¹ Some patients (e.g., those with normal prolactin concentrations for 6 months) may be able to discontinue the drug with periodic monitoring of prolactin concentrations to determine whether or when cabergoline therapy should be reinstituted;^{1 14 15} discontinuance in those with macroadenomas should be undertaken with extreme caution.^{14 15} The manufacturer states that efficacy >24 months not established.¹

Special Populations

Hepatic Impairment

No specific dosage recommendations at this time; use with caution in patients with severe hepatic impairment.¹ (See Hepatic Impairment under Cautions and also see Absorption: Special Populations, under Pharmacokinetics.)

Renal Impairment

No specific dosage recommendations at this time.¹ (See Elimination: Special Populations, under Pharmacokinetics.)

Geriatric Patients

Select dosage carefully; start at low dosage.¹ (See Geriatric Use under Cautions.)

Cautions for Cabergoline

Contraindications

• Known hypersensitivity to cabergoline or other ergot derivatives.¹

• Uncontrolled hypertension.¹

• History of cardiac valvular disorders (e.g., valve leaflet thickening, valve restriction, mixed valve restriction-stenosis).¹

• History of pulmonary, pericardial, or retroperitoneal fibrotic disorders.¹

Warnings/Precautions

Warnings

Hypertension during Pregnancy

Do not use in patients with pregnancy-induced hypertension (e.g., preeclampsia, eclampsia, postpartum hypertension) unless potential benefits outweigh possible risks.¹

Fibrotic Effects

Cases of cardiac valvulopathy reported in postmarketing setting.¹ Generally occurred in patients receiving high dosages of the drug for treatment of parkinson disease, but also reported with lower dosages for hyperprolactinemic disorders.^{1 134 135}

Pleural effusion, pulmonary fibrosis, and retroperitoneal fibrosis also reported.^{1 16} Signs and symptoms have improved after discontinuance.¹

Perform cardiac evaluation (including echocardiogram) and other diagnostic procedures prior to initiating therapy; do not initiate drug in patients with valvular disease or any other evidence of past or present fibrotic disorders.¹ (See Contraindications under Cautions.) Perform routine clinical monitoring and echocardiography periodically during therapy; discontinue drug if any signs of new valvular regurgitation, valvular restriction, or valve leaflet thickening occur.¹

Consider clinical and diagnostic monitoring for possible extracardiac fibrotic reactions at baseline and as needed during therapy.¹ Following diagnosis of pleural effusion or pulmonary fibrosis, drug discontinuance reportedly has resulted in improvement of signs and symptoms.¹

Use lowest effective dosage for treatment of hyperprolactinemic disorders and periodically evaluate patient to determine need for continued treatment.¹

General Precautions

Symptomatic Hypotension

Orthostatic hypotension reported, especially when initial doses >1 mg are used.¹ Exercise care in patients currently receiving drugs known to lower BP.¹

Postpartum Breast Engorgement

Not indicated for the inhibition or suppression of lactation.¹ Hypertension, stroke, and seizures reported rarely when another dopamine receptor agonist (i.e., bromocriptine) was used for this indication.¹

Impulse Control and Compulsive Behaviors

Intense urges and compulsive behaviors (e.g., urge to gamble, increased sexual urges, binge eating, uncontrolled spending, other intense urges) and inability to control these urges reported with dopaminergic drugs.¹ In some cases, urges stopped when dosage was reduced or drug was discontinued.¹

Consider reducing dosage or discontinuing therapy if a patient develops such urges while receiving the drug.¹ (See Advice to Patients.)

Specific Populations

Pregnancy

No adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women.¹ Animal reproduction studies revealed some evidence of maternal toxicity and postimplantation embryofetal loss, but developmental malformations not consistently observed.¹ (See Hypertension during Pregnancy under Cautions.)

Lactation

Not known whether cabergoline is distributed into milk; drug is expected to interfere with lactation.¹ Discontinue nursing or the drug.¹

Pediatric Use

Safety and efficacy not established.¹

Geriatric Use

Insufficient experience from clinical studies to determine whether patients ≥65 years of age respond differently than younger adults.¹ Other clinical experience has not identified age-related differences in responses.¹

Effect of age on pharmacokinetics not studied.¹

Consider the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function and of concomitant disease or drug therapy in geriatric patients.^{1 2 3}

Hepatic Impairment

Extensively metabolized in liver; use with caution and monitor carefully.¹ (See Absorption: Special Populations, under Pharmacokinetics.)

Renal Impairment

Pharmacokinetics not altered in patients with moderate to severe renal impairment.¹

Common Adverse Effects

Patients with hyperprolactinemia: Nausea, constipation, abdominal pain, headache, dizziness, asthenia, fatigue, somnolence.¹

Drug Interactions

Dopamine Antagonists

Concomitant use with dopamine antagonists (e.g., phenothiazines, butyrophenones, thioxanthenes, metoclopramide) not recommended because of possible reduced efficacy of cabergoline.¹

Cabergoline Pharmacokinetics

Absorption

Bioavailability

Peak plasma concentrations usually attained within 1–2 hours.^{1 17}

Absolute bioavailability unknown.^{1 17}

Onset

Following oral administration of a single 0.6-mg dose of cabergoline, time to maximum prolactin-lowering effect was 48 hours.¹

Duration

Prolactin-lowering effect persists for 14 days.¹

Food

Food does not alter the pharmacokinetics of cabergoline.¹

Special Populations

Peak plasma concentrations and AUC not altered in patients with mild to moderate hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh score ≤10).¹ Peak plasma concentrations and AUC substantially increased in patients with severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh score >10).¹

Distribution

Extent

Extensively distributed throughout the body, including the CNS.^{1 8}

Plasma Protein Binding

40–42%.^{1 17}

Elimination

Metabolism

Metabolized in the liver (minimal CYP involvement), mainly by hydrolysis of the acylurea bond;^{1 17} undergoes substantial first-pass metabolism.¹

Elimination Route

Excreted in feces (72%) and in urine (18% as metabolites and unchanged drug).¹⁷

Half-life

63–109 hours.^{1 17}

Special Populations

Pharmacokinetic values not altered in patients with moderate to severe renal impairment.^{1 17}

Effect of age on pharmacokinetics not studied.¹

Stability

Storage

Oral

Tablets

20–25°C.¹

Actions

• A long-acting dopamine receptor agonist; has high binding affinity for dopamine D₂ receptors and lesser affinity for D₁, α₁- and α₂-adrenergic, and serotonin (5-HT₁ and 5-HT₂) receptors.^{1 8}

• Reduces serum prolactin concentrations by inhibiting release of prolactin from the anterior pituitary gland.¹ This effect on hypothalamic/pituitary function attributed to the drug’s agonist activity at D₂ receptors.¹

Advice to Patients

• Importance of patients informing their clinician if cough, dyspnea, difficulty breathing when lying down, or swelling of extremities develops.¹

• Importance of asking patients whether they have developed any new or increased urges or compulsive behaviors (e.g., gambling urges, sexual urges, uncontrolled spending, binge eating) while receiving cabergoline and advising them of the importance of reporting such urges.¹

• Importance of women informing clinicians if they are or plan to become pregnant or plan to breast-feed.¹

• Importance of informing clinicians of existing or contemplated concomitant therapy, including prescription and OTC drugs, as well as any concomitant illnesses (e.g., respiratory or cardiac disorders associated with fibrosis).¹

• Importance of informing patients of other important precautionary information.¹ (See Cautions.)

Preparations

Excipients in commercially available drug preparations may have clinically important effects in some individuals; consult specific product labeling for details.

Please refer to the ASHP Drug Shortages Resource Center for information on shortages of one or more of these preparations.

* available from one or more manufacturer, distributor, and/or repackager by generic (nonproprietary) name

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