Amiodarone Hydrochloride (Monograph)
Brand names: Cordarone, Pacerone
Drug class: Class III Antiarrhythmics
Introduction
Class III antiarrhythmic agent;1 2 4 5 8 12 17 18 21 24 25 26 28 31 38 355 also exhibits activity in each of the 4 Vaughn-Williams antiarrhythmic classes, including some class I (membrane-stabilizing) antiarrhythmic action.5 7 8 21 25 32 35 44 46 355 364
Uses for Amiodarone Hydrochloride
Ventricular Arrhythmias
Treatment to suppress or prevent the recurrence of documented life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias (e.g., recurrent VF; recurrent, hemodynamically unstable VT) that do not respond to documented adequate dosages of other currently available antiarrhythmic agents or when alternative antiarrhythmic agents are not tolerated.1 3 355 364
Used during cardiac arrest for treatment of refractory (i.e., unresponsive to CPR, defibrillation, and a vasopressor [e.g., epinephrine]) VF or pulseless VT.500 501 Considered the preferred antiarrhythmic drug for this use in current ACLS guidelines in adults; lidocaine may be used as an alternative.500 501 In pediatric patients, current evidence supports use of either amiodarone or lidocaine.502
Also may be used for treatment of wide-complex tachycardias during periarrest period; included in current ACLS guidelines for both adult and pediatric tachycardia.500 501 503
Treatment of sustained monomorphic VT not associated with angina, pulmonary edema, or hypotension† [off-label],364 442 or hemodynamically stable monomorphic VT† [off-label] .501
Treatment of polymorphic (irregular) VT† [off-label] associated with myocardial ischemia in the absence of QT interval prolongation.501
Has been used for primary prevention† [off-label] of sustained VT (i.e., VT lasting >30 seconds and/or associated with hemodynamic compromise),364 VF, or sudden cardiac death in patients with nonsustained ventricular arrhythmia following MI.344 368 370 384 394
Has been used in a limited number of patients for life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias associated with post-infarction aneurysm† [off-label] or with chronic myocarditis induced by Chagas’ disease† .26 72 172
Supraventricular Tachyarrhythmias
Used for suppression and prevention of various supraventricular tachycardias (SVTs)†.3 4 5 9 10 12 25 26 27 35 62 66 71 72 92 109 110 111 113 116 119 120 122 125 126 402 501 701
Because of higher risk of toxicity and proarrhythmic effects, antiarrhythmic agents generally reserved for patients who do not respond to or cannot be treated with AV nodal blocking agents (β-adrenergic blocking agents, diltiazem, verapamil).501 700
Some experts state amiodarone may be useful when ventricular rate control is needed but AV nodal blocking agents are contraindicated (e.g., patients with preexcited atrial arrhythmias associated with an accessory pathway†).501 701
May be effective for conversion of atrial fibrillation† to normal sinus rhythm (i.e., rhythm control); however, other antiarrhythmic agents (e.g., flecainide, dofetilide, propafenone, ibutilide) are preferred.701
Used to maintain sinus rhythm in patients with atrial fibrillation or flutter†.4 5 9 10 12 25 26 27 35 62 66 71 72 92 109 110 111 113 116 119 120 122 700 701
Termination of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT)†, including atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) and atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia (AVRT) (e.g., Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome); generally reserved for use when other therapies are ineffective or contraindicated.9 38 48 501 700 Avoid IV use in patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome who have preexcited atrial fibrillation; may accelerate ventricular rate and potentially cause life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias.701
Also used for long-term prevention of PSVT†,4 5 8 9 25 26 27 28 29 37 39 41 47 48 66 71 72 109 110 112 113 122 128 318 including those refractory to other antiarrhythmic agents.5 26 27 39 66 71 110 113 122 128 318
Has been used in the treatment of atrial tachycardia†.700
Has been effective in the prevention of supraventricular arrhythmias associated with bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome†.4 9 25 110 129 130 131
Angina
Has been used in treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris† and Prinzmetal variant angina†; because of potential toxicity, generally not considered a first-line agent but may have beneficial antianginal effect in patients receiving the drug for the management of arrhythmias.17 50 133 134 229
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Has been used in the management of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy†.25 258 259 278 292
Related/similar drugs
diltiazem, amiodarone, lidocaine, bisoprolol, verapamil, flecainide, phenylephrine
Amiodarone Hydrochloride Dosage and Administration
General
-
Administer lowest effective dosage to minimize the risk and occurrence of adverse effects.1
-
Adjust dosage carefully according to individual requirements and response and the general condition and cardiovascular status of the patient.1 355 Adjustment of maintenance dosage is difficult due to variable absorption and elimination of amiodarone; dosage reduction or temporary withdrawal or discontinuance of the drug may be required.1 284
-
When dosage adjustment is necessary, close monitoring for an extended period of time is recommended.1 355
-
Clinical and ECG monitoring of cardiac function, including appropriate ambulatory ECG monitoring (e.g., Holter monitoring) and/or programmed electrical stimulation (PES), as appropriate, is recommended.1
-
Monitor plasma amiodarone concentrations if patient does not respond or experiences unexpectedly severe toxicity.1 2 3 5 25 35 62 63 64 70 71 75 81
-
When initiating therapy in patients receiving other antiarrhythmic agents, attempt to gradually discontinue the other antiarrhythmic agents.1
Administration
Administer orally or by IV infusion.1 3 9 10 25 35 355
Also has been administered via intraosseous (IO) injection† during cardiac resuscitation.501
Oral Administration
Usually administered once daily.1 3 Administer in divided doses (e.g., twice daily) with meals when dosages ≥1 g daily are administered (e.g., during the loading-dose phase of therapy) or when intolerable adverse GI effects occur.1 3
Administer in a consistent manner relative to food intake.1
Administration of a loading-dose phase of therapy is required for the management of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias;1 2 3 5 23 25 35 42 59 64 68 72 73 administer oral loading dose in hospital setting and monitor closely until risk of recurrent VT or VF has abated.1 35
Extemporaneous Oral Suspension
Extemporaneous oral suspensions of amiodarone have been prepared using the tablets and a commercially available vehicle.463 464
Standardize 4 Safety
Standardized concentrations for an extemporaneously prepared oral suspension of amiodarone have been established through Standardize 4 Safety (S4S), a national patient safety initiative to reduce medication errors, especially during transitions of care.462 Because recommendations from the S4S panels may differ from the manufacturer’s prescribing information, caution is advised when using concentrations that differ from labeling, particularly when using rate information from the label.462 For additional information on S4S (including updates that may be available), see [Web]
Concentration Standards |
---|
5 mg/mL 20 mg/mL for doses of 75 mg or greater |
Amiodarone needs to have a pH very close to 8 to assure particle consistency
IV Administration
IV therapy may be used for acute antiarrhythmic therapy until cardiac rhythm is stabilized and oral therapy can be initiated.355 IV therapy may be required for 48–96 hours, but may be administered safely for longer periods.355 Experience with IV administration of amiodarone exceeding 3 weeks is limited.355
Administer in 3-phase sequence: rapid loading phase, slow loading phase, and maintenance infusion phase.355
Dilute amiodarone hydrochloride concentrate prior to administration by IV infusion.355
Administer solutions containing an amiodarone hydrochloride concentration >2 mg/mL via central venous catheter.355
Use in-line filter.355
Amiodarone hydrochloride infusions exceeding 2 hours should be administered in 5% dextrose in glass or polyolefin containers .355 Manufacturer recommends using PVC tubing (used in clinical studies).355 Leaching of plasticizer diethylhexylphthalate (DEHP) from IV tubing may occur.355
Standardize 4 Safety
Standardized concentrations for IV amiodarone have been established through Standardize 4 Safety (S4S), a national patient safety initiative to reduce medication errors, especially during transitions of care.460 461 Multidisciplinary expert panels were convened to determine recommended standard concentrations.460 461 Because recommendations from the S4S panels may differ from the manufacturer’s prescribing information, caution is advised when using concentrations that differ from labeling, particularly when using rate information from the label.460 461 For additional information on S4S (including updates that may be available), see [Web].460 461
Dosing units differ from concentration units
Patient Population |
Concentration Standards |
Dosing Units |
---|---|---|
Adults |
1.8 mg/mL |
mg/min |
Pediatric patients (<50 kg) |
1.8 mg/mL |
mcg/kg/min |
3.6 mg/mL |
Dilution
For the first rapid loading infusion or for supplemental infusions, add 3 mL of amiodarone hydrochloride concentrate to 100 mL of 5% dextrose, resulting in a final concentration of 1.5 mg/mL.355
For the slow loading infusion and maintenance infusion, add 18 mL of amiodarone hydrochloride concentrate to 500 mL of 5% dextrose, resulting in a final concentration of 1.8 mg/mL.355 For subsequent maintenance infusions, solutions containing a final amiodarone hydrochloride concentration of 1–6 mg/mL may be used.355
Rate of Administration
For treatment of ventricular arrhythmias in adults, 15 mg/minute for 10 minutes (rapid loading phase), then 1 mg/minute for 6 hours (slow loading phase), then 0.5 mg/minute (initial maintenance phase) for 18 hours;355 infuse supplemental doses of 150 mg over 10 minutes (at a rate of 15 mg/minute).355 364 Initial (rapid) loading infusion rate should not exceed 30 mg/minute.355 364 397 Monitor initial rate of infusion closely; do not exceed recommended rate.355
Use volumetric infusion pump.355 Do not use drop-counter infusion sets; may result in underdosage.355
Dosage
Available as amiodarone hydrochloride; dosage expressed in terms of the salt.1 355
Pediatric Patients
Ventricular Arrhythmias†
Oral
Pediatric dosage has not been established; dosage may vary considerably.201 280 281 Some clinicians have recommended loading dosages of 10–15 mg/kg daily40 242 or 600–800 mg/1.73 m2 daily9 69 189 242 for approximately 4–14 days40 69 189 242 and/or until adequate control of cardiac arrhythmias is achieved or adverse effects become prominent.40 242 Subsequently, reduce dosage to 5 mg/kg daily40 242 or 200–400 mg/1.73 m2 daily9 69 189 242 for several weeks; if possible, reduce dosage to the lowest effective level.69 189 242
Children <1 year of age may require higher oral loading and maintenance dosages than older children when dosage is calculated on the basis of body weight, but not on the basis of body surface area†.280 282
Pediatric Resuscitation
IV or IO†Refractory VF or pulseless VT: 5 mg/kg as a rapid bolus.502 503 May repeat twice up to 15 mg/kg (maximum single dose of 300 mg).502 503
To minimize pediatric exposure to DEHP,408 may infuse a loading dose of 5 mg/kg given in 5 divided doses of 1 mg/kg (each dose infused over 5–10 minutes).416
Wide-complex Tachycardias in Patients Not in Cardiac Arrest
IV5 mg/kg over 20–60 minutes (depending on urgency).503
To minimize pediatric exposure to DEHP,408 may infuse a loading dose of 5 mg/kg given in 5 divided doses of 1 mg/kg (each dose infused over 5–10 minutes).416
Supraventricular Arrhythmias†
Oral
Pediatric dosage has not been established; dosage may vary considerably.201 280 281 Some clinicians have recommended loading dosages of 10–15 mg/kg daily40 242 or 600–800 mg/1.73m2 daily9 69 189 242 for approximately 4–14 days40 69 189 242 and/or until adequate control of cardiac arrhythmias is achieved or adverse effects become prominent.40 242 Subsequently, reduce dosage to 5 mg/kg daily40 242 or 200–400 mg/1.73 m2 daily9 69 189 242 for several weeks; if possible, reduce dosage to the lowest effective level.69 189 242
Children <1 year of age may require higher oral loading and maintenance dosages than older children when dosage is calculated on the basis of body weight, but not on the basis of body surface area.†280 282
IV
5 mg/kg over 20–60 minutes depending on urgency.503
To minimize pediatric exposure to DEHP,408 may infuse a loading dose of 5 mg/kg given in 5 divided doses of 1 mg/kg (each dose infused over 5–10 minutes).416
Adults
Ventricular Arrhythmias
Oral
Loading Dose |
800–1600 mg daily for 1–3 weeks or until initial therapeutic response occurs1 |
Dosage Adjustment |
When adequate control of ventricular arrhythmias is achieved or adverse effects become prominent, decrease dosage to 600–800 mg daily for about 1 month1 3 284 |
Maintenance Dosage |
400–600 mg daily;1 3 284 if possible, cautiously reduce dosage to 200 mg daily70 284 |
Consult published protocols for specific information about oral loading doses >1600 mg daily35 64 73 301 or IV loading-dose regimens† 64 250 followed by oral therapy.301 If an IV loading-dose regimen is used, initiate oral therapy as soon as possible after an adequate response is obtained and gradually eliminate IV amiodarone.301
IV
Total initial dosage during first 24 hours is approximately 1000 mg.355
Loading Phase |
Initial rapid loading phase: 150 mg administered at rate of 15 mg/minute (i.e., over 10 minutes) 355 364 |
Followed by slow loading phase: 360 mg administered at rate of 1 mg/minute (i.e., over 6 hours)355 364 397 |
|
Maintenance Phase |
First maintenance phase: 540 mg administered at rate of 0.5 mg/minute (i.e., over 18 hours)355 364 397 |
Maintenance Phase |
0.5 mg/minute (i.e., 720 mg over 24 hours); can be administered for 2–3 weeks 355 |
Breakthrough Episodes of VF or Hemodynamically Unstable VT |
Supplemental infusion of 150 mg administered at rate of 15 mg/minute (i.e., over 10 minutes)355 |
IV/Oral
When switching from IV to oral therapy, oral dosage depends on dose and duration of IV therapy, as well as bioavailability of oral drug.355 When switching from IV to oral therapy, clinical monitoring is recommended, particularly for geriatric patients.355
Assuming 720-mg/day infusion (0.5 mg/minute)
IV amiodarone not intended for maintenance treatment
Duration of IV Therapy |
Initial Oral Daily Dosage |
---|---|
<1 week |
800–1600 mg |
1–3 weeks |
600–800 mg |
>3 weeks |
400 mg |
ACLS
IV or IO†Refractory VF or pulseless VT: 300 mg by rapid IV/IO injection; may consider an additional dose of 150 mg.500 501
Supraventricular Arrhythmias†
IV
For acute treatment of SVT, 150 mg over 10 minutes.700 Follow with 1 mg/minute for 6 hours, then 0.5 mg/minute for remaining 18 hours or initiate oral dosing.700
Oral
For ongoing management of SVT, some experts recommend 400–600 mg daily (in divided doses) in adults for approximately 2–4 weeks, followed by a maintenance dosage of 100–200 mg daily.700
Consult published protocols for specific information about oral loading-dose regimens using higher dosages.
Atrial Fibrillation†
IV
When used for rate control in patients with atrial fibrillation, some experts recommend an initial IV dose of 300 mg over 1 hour, followed by 10–50 mg/hr over 24 hours.701
Oral
Usual maintenance dose is 100–200 mg daily.701
Long-term Management of Recurrent Atrial Fibrillation†
Oral
Initially, 10 mg/kg daily for 14 days, followed by 300 mg daily for 4 weeks, and then 200 mg daily.402
Prescribing Limits
Pediatric Patients
Ventricular Arrhythmias†
IV
Maximum single dose: 300 mg,502 503 up to a total dose of 15 mg/kg.h 502 503
Adults
Ventricular Arrhythmias
IV
Mean daily doses >2.1 g are associated with an increased risk of hypotension.355
Limited experience with IV administration of amiodarone for >3 weeks.355
Special Populations
Hepatic Impairment
Dosage reduction recommended in patients with substantial hepatic impairment.35 283 284
Renal Impairment
Routine dosage reduction not required.1 35
Geriatric Patients
Select dosage with caution, usually starting at low end of dosage range, because of possible age-related decrease in hepatic, renal, and/or cardiac function and concomitant disease and drug therapy; however, dosage requirements generally similar in geriatric and younger adults.1 355
Use caution with high dosages due to increased susceptibility to drug-induced bradycardia and conduction disturbances.301
Cautions for Amiodarone Hydrochloride
Contraindications
-
Severe sinus node dysfunction resulting in marked sinus bradycardia (unless a functioning pacemaker is present).1 355
-
Second- or third-degree AV block (unless a functioning pacemaker is present).1 355
-
Bradycardia that has caused syncope (unless a functioning pacemaker is present).1
-
Known hypersensitivity to amiodarone or any ingredient in the formulation, including iodine.1 355
Warnings/Precautions
Warnings
Mortality
Potentially fatal toxicities and severe adverse effects;1 106 355 use principally for documented life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias.1
Amiodarone therapy should be administered only by physicians experienced in the management of life-threatening arrhythmias who have access to laboratory facilities necessary to adequately monitor efficacy and adverse effects, including continuous ECG monitoring and electrophysiologic techniques for evaluating the patient in both ambulatory and hospital settings.1 106 355
Pulmonary Effects
Possible acute-onset (days to weeks) pulmonary injury; findings may include pulmonary infiltrates and/or mass on radiograph, pulmonary alveolar hemorrhage, bronchospasm, wheezing, fever, dyspnea, cough, hemoptysis, or hypoxia, sometimes leading to respiratory failure and/or death.1 355
Potentially fatal pulmonary toxicity1 3 9 25 136 324 325 326 327 333 338 370 may result from pulmonary interstitial pneumonitis (or alveolitis) or hypersensitivity pneumonitis.1 325 326 338 339 345 346 Toxicity is usually reversible following discontinuance of the drug (with or without corticosteroid therapy).1 3 75 136 138 139 140 142 272 308 327 329 333 336 337 338 350
Baseline pulmonary function testing (prior to initiating therapy)1 25 325 326 327 328 335 338 and periodic (e.g., every 3–6 months) chest radiographs, clinical evaluation, and pulmonary function testing recommended.1 25 148 284 325 327 338
If hypersensitivity pneumonitis occurs, discontinue amiodarone and initiate corticosteroid therapy.1 350
If interstitial pneumonitis occurs, reduce dosage or discontinue therapy, especially if other acceptable antiarrhythmic therapies are available.1 326 327 328 333 338 Supportive treatment, including mechanical ventilation, may be required.136 140 142
Use with caution, if at all, in patients with preexisting pulmonary disease35 (e.g., chronic obstructive disease,252 reduced pulmonary diffusion capacity35 138 324 ); poorer prognosis if pulmonary toxicity develops in such patients.1
If new respiratory symptoms develop, consider the possibility of amiodarone-induced pulmonary toxicity; 1 136 140 326 327 clinical and radiographic evaluation, as well as scintigraphic and pulmonary function testing (including diffusion capacity), if necessary, are recommended.1 138 151 324 326 327 328 333 336 337 338 Carefully assess respiratory symptoms and rule out other causes of respiratory impairment (e.g., CHF, pulmonary embolism, malignancy, infectious causes) before discontinuing therapy.1 136 138 140 327 328 338
Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (possibly fatal) and pleuritis reported during postmarketing experience.1
Hepatic Effects
Possible liver function test abnormalities;1 3 9 10 25 30 75 83 108 141 153 154 157 158 159 163 355 abnormalities are usually minor,1 25 75 not accompanied by clinical symptoms,1 3 9 10 70 72 75 153 158 159 161 and generally return to normal following dosage reduction or discontinuance of the drug.9 72 75 141 154 159
Rarely, potentially fatal hepatic injury (i.e., clinical hepatitis, cholestatic hepatitis, hepatocellular necrosis, cirrhosis) 1 3 35 155 156 160 162 341 342 355 has occurred.1 3 25 35 155 156 158 160 161 162 163 164 355
Monitor serum hepatic enzyme concentrations at regular intervals.1 153 157 160 164 355 Reduce oral dosage, decrease IV infusion rate, or discontinue therapy if enzyme concentrations are >3 times normal values in patients with normal pretreatment values or twice baseline pretreatment values in patients with elevated pretreatment values or if hepatomegaly or progressive hepatic injury occurs.1 156 162 163 164 355
Possible acute centrolobular confluent hepatic necrosis during IV therapy; may be related to a much higher loading dose concentration and more rapid infusion rate than recommended.355 Closely monitor initial concentration and rate of IV infusion; do not exceed recommended initial drug concentration and infusion rate.355
Arrhythmogenic Effects
Possible worsening of existing arrhythmias1 3 9 10 25 35 75 132 141 175 287 355 or occurrence of new arrhythmias.1 35 166 167 168 175 176 355 Arrhythmogenic effects include progression of VT to VF,1 132 355 sustained VT,1 25 141 175 176 355 increased resistance to cardioversion,1 25 122 175 304 atrial fibrillation,355 nodal arrhythmia,355 and atypical VT (torsades de pointes).1 3 9 25 75 132 171 173 265 355
Monitor for QTc prolongation during IV infusion of amiodarone.355
If new signs of arrhythmia appear, consider possibility of hyperthyroidism.1 355
Chronic administration of antiarrhythmic drugs (e.g., amiodarone) in patients with an implanted cardiac device (e.g., defibrillator, pacemaker) may change electrical conduction properties of the heart and potentially affect pacing and/or defibrillating thresholds.1 Therefore, manufacturer recommends assessment to ensure appropriate device parameters before and during amiodarone therapy.1
Electrolyte Abnormalities
Electrolyte abnormalities (e.g., hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia) may increase arrhythmogenic effects.1 3 41 Evaluate patient for potassium or magnesium deficiency; if present, correct deficiency prior to initiation of therapy.1 249
Monitor electrolyte and acid-base balance in patients with severe or prolonged diarrhea and in patients receiving diuretics concomitantly.45 47 50 355
Effects on Cardiac Conduction
Possible AV, intraventricular,1 3 4 25 26 30 35 355 or SA block;168 SA node dysfunction (e.g., symptomatic sinus bradycardia),1 3 4 9 10 25 26 30 35 50 75 154 169 175 355 393 sinus arrest with suppression of escape foci);1 141 166 167 168 169 or bradycardia (usually associated with IV therapy).355
Administer IV amiodarone in a setting where a temporary pacemaker is available for patients with known predisposition to bradycardia or AV block.355
Ocular Effects
Optic neuropathy1 25 153 154 184 185 186 187 355 and/or optic neuritis may occur at any time during amiodarone therapy; usually results in visual impairment1 294 311 355 357 and may progress to permanent blindness.1 355 357
Baseline and routine (e.g., after the first 6 months and then annually and/or as necessary) ophthalmologic examinations recommended, including slit-lamp and funduscopic tests.1 25 31 355 431
Careful monitoring recommended for patients experiencing visual disturbances or those receiving long-term therapy.1 186 188 If visual impairment occurs (e.g., changes in visual acuity, decreases in peripheral vision), prompt ophthalmologic examination recommended.1 355 357
If optic neuropathy and/or optic neuritis develops, reevaluate therapy; consider risks and complications against the possible benefits of antiarrhythmic therapy.1 355
Thyroid Effects
Thyroid nodules or thyroid cancer reported during postmarketing experience, sometimes accompanied by hyperthyroidism.1 355
Possible altered thyroid function test results:1 4 9 10 25 35 83 153 154 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 253 355 374 385 increased serum thyroxine (T4) and reverse triiodothyronine (rT3) concentrations, decreased serum T3 concentrations.1 4 9 10 25 35 83 153 230 231 232 233 234 235 237 253 283 355 393
Possible hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism.1 3 4 9 10 25 26 70 83 153 154 230 231 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 253 370 374 355 393 Amiodarone-induced hyperthyroidism may result in thyrotoxicosis and/or arrhythmia breakthrough or aggravation; fatalities have occurred.1 355
Thyroid function tests recommended prior to initiating therapy and at periodic intervals (approximately every 3–6 months) thereafter,1 25 35 231 234 235 236 237 253 355 particularly in geriatric patients1 283 355 and/or in patients with a history of thyroid nodules, goiter, or other thyroid dysfunction.1 4 234 237 283 355
If hypothyroidism occurs, reduce amiodarone dosage1 25 154 283 355 and/or carefully supplement with thyroid agents if necessary;1 25 72 83 153 154 230 231 235 283 355 374 discontinuance of amiodarone may be required.1 231 283 344 355 368 374
If hyperthyroidism occurs, aggressive therapy (including dosage reduction or discontinuance of amiodarone) is indicated, since clinical manifestations (i.e., cardiac arrhythmias) may be potentially serious and may be fatal.1 72 153 154 230 253 283 344 355 368 374 Antithyroid drugs, adrenergic blockers, and/or temporary corticosteroid therapy may be necessary.1 355 However, antithyroid agents appear to be of limited benefit when used alone, since high intrathyroidal iodine stores (typically observed in patients receiving long-term amiodarone therapy)1 238 239 355 445 antagonize the inhibitory effects of antithyroid drugs on thyroidal iodine utilization.446 Radioactive iodine treatment contraindicated because of low radioiodine uptake in amiodarone-associated hyperthyroidism.1 355 In patients in whom aggressive treatment of amiodarone-induced toxicity has failed or the drug cannot be discontinued because it is the only drug effective against the resistant arrhythmia, thyroidectomy may be an option.1 355 However, experience with surgical management is limited and such treatment could induce thyroid storm; therefore, careful surgical and anesthetic management is required.1 355
Fetal/Neonatal Morbidity
Possible adverse effects on fetal thyroid function and overall development.25 35 89 91 Possible congenital goiter/hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism.1 330 354 355 Women should avoid becoming pregnant during amiodarone therapy.431 Use during pregnancy only when the potential benefits justify the possible risks to the fetus.1 88 89 355 If amiodarone is used during pregnancy or the patient becomes pregnant while taking the drug, apprise patient of potential hazard to fetus.1 355
Hypotension
Hypotension associated with IV therapy;355 mean daily IV dosages >2.1 g associated with increased risk of hypotension.355 Hypotension may be refractory in some cases, resulting in death.1 355 Monitor initial rate of infusion closely; do not exceed recommended rate. 355
Hypotension (possibly severe) reported during open-heart surgery (during and/or following cardiopulmonary bypass) in amiodarone-treated patients.1 170 216 267
Arrhythmia Recurrence
Possible recurrence of life-threatening arrhythmias after dosage reduction or discontinuance of therapy; time to recurrence may range from weeks to months.1 Prolonged hospitalization1 35 or intensive ambulatory monitoring (e.g., via telemetric ECG),284 possibly with periodic determination of plasma amiodarone concentrations, may be required.35
Sensitivity Reactions
Hypersensitivity Reactions
Possible hypersensitivity pneumonitis.1 326 330 338 346 If hypersensitivity pneumonitis occurs, initiate corticosteroid therapy and discontinue amiodarone.1 350 Rechallenge may result in more rapid and more severe adverse effects than rechallenge with amiodarone in patients with interstitial pneumonitis.1
Anaphylactic/anaphylactoid reaction (including shock) and angioedema reported during postmarketing experience.1 355
Dermatologic Reactions
Possible photosensitivity.1 70 72 153 373 Reactions generally begin within 2 hours of exposure to sunlight 9 153 190 195 and last for 1–3 days;190 195 may last a week in severe cases.190 Reactions may occur up to 4 months following discontinuance of the drug.9 140
Possible pigmentary changes (blue-gray discoloration) to exposed areas of the body (e.g., face, hands) in patients receiving long-term therapy,1 3 9 25 30 35 108 153 154 190 191 192 193 196 385 in patients with fair complexions,1 or following excessive exposure to sunlight.1 9 25 35 153 191 193 Usually slowly reversible following discontinuance of the drug.1 191
Sunscreen agents,1 25 35 72 153 190 195 283 protective clothing,1 35 190 195 and avoidance of excessive exposure to sunlight25 35 190 are recommended.1 25 35 190 195
Toxic epidermal necrolysis (sometimes fatal), erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, exfoliative dermatitis, skin cancer, and pruritus reported during postmarketing experience.1 355
General Precautions
Ocular Effects
Corneal microdeposits occur in almost all patients.1 3 9 25 35 70 72 75 141 153 176 185 186 187 393 Usually not associated with visual disturbances;1 9 35 185 however, halo vision,1 25 70 73 75 141 153 154 175 176 184 187 188 blurred vision,1 3 10 25 154 185 188 photophobia,1 25 75 176 184 187 and dry eyes may occur.1 175 176
Corneal deposits are related to dosage and duration of therapy.9 25 72 153 183 185 186 Reversible following dosage reduction or discontinuance of therapy.1 9 25 56 70 72 153 154 185 186 187 Asymptomatic, nonprogressive deposits do not necessitate dosage reduction or drug discontinuance.1 284
Routine ophthalmologic examinations, including slit-lamp and funduscopic tests, recommended.1 355
Most manufacturers of corneal refractive laser surgery devices consider the procedure to be contraindicated in patients receiving amiodarone.1 355
Nervous System Effects
Possible peripheral neuropathy 1 3 9 25 35 72 75 162 176 177 178 179 180 268 and proximal myopathy.3 9 25 75 153 162 176 177 268
Delirium, hallucination, confusional state, pseudotumor cerebri, disorientation, and parkinsonian symptoms (e.g., akinesia, bradykinesia) reported during postmarketing experience.1
Cardiac Failure
Possible new or worsened heart failure;1 9 25 35 70 75 108 299 355 rarely requires discontinuance of the drug.1
Pulmonary Precautions
Possible ARDS following cardiothoracic or other surgery.1 309 334 355 Closely monitor forced inspiratory oxygen and tissue oxygenation.1 355 Preoperative pulmonary function testing recommended for patients undergoing cardiothoracic surgery.309
Symptomatic Bradycardia in Patients Receiving HCV Treatment
Symptomatic bradycardia, including cases requiring pacemaker intervention, reported in patients receiving amiodarone concomitantly with an HCV treatment regimen containing sofosbuvir in conjunction with another HCV direct-acting antiviral (DAA), including ledipasvir, simeprevir, or daclatasvir.453 454 455 456 457 Fatal cardiac arrest reported in a patient receiving amiodarone concomitantly with fixed combination of ledipasvir and sofosbuvir (ledipasvir/sofosbuvir).453 454 455 456 457
In most reported cases, bradycardia occurred within hours to days after HCV treatment initiated in patients receiving amiodarone (also has been observed up to 2 weeks after initiation of HCV treatment) and resolved after HCV treatment discontinued.454 455 456 457 Mechanism for this adverse cardiovascular effect unknown.453 454 455 456 457
Patients who may be at increased risk for symptomatic bradycardia if amiodarone used concomitantly with HCV treatment regimen containing sofosbuvir with another DAA include those also receiving a β-adrenergic blocking agent, those with underlying cardiac comorbidities, and/or those with advanced liver disease.454 455 456 457
Concomitant use of amiodarone with HCV treatment regimen containing sofosbuvir with another DAA not recommended.454 455 456 457
If there are no alternative HCV treatment options and regimen of sofosbuvir with another DAA must be used in a patient receiving amiodarone, advise patient about the risk of serious symptomatic bradycardia before initiating HCV treatment.454 455 456 457 Perform cardiac monitoring in an inpatient setting during first 48 hours of concomitant use of amiodarone and regimen of sofosbuvir with another DAA;454 455 456 457 subsequently, perform heart rate monitoring daily (outpatient or self-monitoring) through at least the first 2 weeks of concomitant use.454 455 456 457 Similar cardiac monitoring recommended in patients who discontinued amiodarone just prior to initiation of regimen of sofosbuvir with another DAA or if alternative antiarrhythmic agent cannot be used and amiodarone must be initiated in a patient already receiving regimen of sofosbuvir with another DAA.454 455 456 457
Advise patients receiving amiodarone concomitantly with regimen of sofosbuvir with another DAA to immediately contact a clinician if signs or symptoms of bradycardia (e.g., near-fainting or fainting, dizziness or lightheadedness, malaise, weakness, excessive tiredness, shortness of breath, chest pain, confusion, memory problems) develop.454 455 456 457
Specific Populations
Pregnancy
Lactation
Amiodarone and desethylamiodarone are distributed into milk.1 2 78 89 91 355 Discontinue nursing.1 91 355
Pediatric Use
Safety and efficacy not established;1 355 however, amiodarone has been used in children.35 40 69 189 280 281 282 502 503
Large amounts of benzyl alcohol (e.g., 100–400 mg/kg daily) have been associated with toxicity in neonates;355 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 each mL of amiodarone hydrochloride injection contains 20.2 mg of benzyl alcohol.355
Amiodarone hydrochloride injection leaches DEHP plasticizer from IV tubing;355 408 exposure to DEHP may adversely affect male reproductive tract development during fetal, infant, and toddler stages of development.408 415 Consider dosing methods to reduce potential exposure to DEHP.408
Geriatric Use
Response similar to that in younger adults.1 355
Possible increased susceptibility to bradycardia and conduction disturbances.301
Possible thyroid effects.283
Select dosage with caution, usually starting at low end of dosage range, because of age-related decreases in hepatic, renal, and/or cardiac function and concomitant disease and drug therapy.1 355
Hepatic Impairment
Effects of hepatic impairment on amiodarone elimination have not been evaluated;1 2 35 however, amiodarone is extensively metabolized,9 25 76 80 101 probably in the liver.9 35 64 76 81 Consider dosage reduction in patients with substantial hepatic impairment.35 283 284
Renal Impairment
Possible excessive accumulation of iodine and possible resultant thyroid effects.284 314 315
Common Adverse Effects
IV administration: hypotension.355
Oral therapy: adverse nervous system (e.g., malaise and fatigue,1 tremor and/or involuntary movements,1 3 9 10 25 70 75 153 175 178 180 268 lack of coordination,1 abnormal gait and/or ataxia,1 3 9 75 154 175 176 178 180 268 dizziness,1 3 10 paresthesia1 9 10 70 75 175 176 177 178 179 ) and GI (e.g., nausea,1 3 9 25 70 75 141 153 154 175 176 vomiting,1 3 175 constipation,1 9 25 70 75 141 153 154 175 176 anorexia1 3 9 25 70 75 141 153 176 ) effects.
Drug Interactions
Metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP2C8.1 355
Elimination half-life of amiodarone is long and variable; potential for interactions exists with drugs administered after discontinuance of amiodarone therapy.1 35 208 215 355
Drugs, Foods, and Dietary or Herbal Supplements Affecting or Metabolized by Hepatic Microsomal Enzymes
Pharmacokinetic interactions with substrates, inhibitors, or inducers of CYP3A4 are likely.1 355 Inhibits CYP isoenzymes 1A2, 2C9, 2D6, and 3A4;1 355 potential pharmacokinetic interaction with drugs metabolized by these isoenzymes (increased plasma concentrations).1 355 Amiodarone is a substrate for CYP3A4 and CYP2C8; drugs and other substances that inhibit these isoenzymes may decrease metabolism and increase serum concentrations of amiodarone.1 355
Drugs with P-Glycoprotein-Mediated Clearance
Amiodarone inhibits the P-glycoprotein transport system, which may result in unexpectedly high plasma concentrations of drugs that are substrates for this transport system.1 355
Drugs Affecting QT Interval
Potential pharmacodynamic interaction (additive effects on the QTc interval).1 355 433
Antiarrhythmic Agents
Cautious use and close monitoring for possible adverse effects recommended if amiodarone is used concomitantly with other antiarrhythmic agents,1 355 particularly class IA antiarrhythmic agents.207 228 255 264 265 266
Reserve concomitant use for the management of life-threatening arrhythmias unresponsive to monotherapy.1 355
In general, reduce dosage of other antiarrhythmic agent(s) by 30–50% several days after initiating amiodarone therapy;1 355 assess necessity of continuing the other antiarrhythmic agent(s) after antiarrhythmic effect of amiodarone has been established.1 355
In patients already receiving amiodarone, reduce initial dosage of other antiarrhythmic agent(s) by approximately 50%.1 355
Specific Drugs, Foods, and Dietary or Herbal Supplements
Drug, Food, or Supplement |
Interaction |
Comments |
---|---|---|
Agalsidase beta |
Theoretical risk of inhibited intracellular α-galactosidase activity439 |
Some clinicians recommend avoidance of concurrent use of biosynthetic forms of α-galactosidase and amiodarone439 |
Anesthetics, general |
Potential serious cardiovascular (e.g., hypotension) and cardiac (e.g., sinus bradyarrhythmias, AV block) effects1 167 170 216 267 |
|
Anticoagulants, oral |
Decreased warfarin clearance; 203 204 207 208 316 increased PT in almost all patients.1 203 208 210 301 316 355 390 Can result in serious or fatal hemorrhage1 203 204 207 208 209 211 212 214 316 355 |
Reduce anticoagulant dosage by 33–50% when initiating amiodarone1 204 207 209 214 283 355 Frequent PT determinations and close observation for adverse effects recommended; adjust anticoagulant dosage as necessary1 203 204 207 209 316 390 355 PT may not return to normal for 1–4 months following discontinuance of amiodarone203 204 207 209 210 316 390 |
Azole antifungals |
Additive effects in prolonging QTc interval; serious cardiac arrhythmias (e.g., torsades de pointes) reported1 355 432 |
|
β-adrenergic blocking agents (e.g., propranolol) |
Possible potentiation of sinus bradycardia, sinus arrest, and AV block1 25 263 355 |
Concomitant therapy may be considered in patients with severe sinus bradycardia or sinus arrest following insertion of artificial pacemaker;1 355 monitor cardiac function432 |
Calcium-channel blocking agents (e.g., diltiazem, verapamil) |
Possible potentiation of sinus bradycardia, sinus arrest, and AV block1 35 256 301 355 |
Concomitant therapy may be considered in patients with severe sinus bradycardia or sinus arrest following insertion of artificial pacemaker1 355 |
Cardiac glycosides |
Increased serum digoxin concentrations and digoxin toxicity1 9 25 35 203 204 207 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 301 355 |
When initiating amiodarone therapy, reassess need for continued cardiac glycoside therapy; discontinue digoxin or reduce digoxin dosage by 50%1 25 35 207 217 223 355 Monitor serum digoxin concentrations carefully and reduce digoxin dosage as necessary1 9 35 204 218 219 222 223 355 432 Close observation for signs of cardiac glycoside toxicity recommended 1 9 204 218 355 Monitor thyroid function carefully due to potential for altered cardiac glycoside sensitivity in patients with amiodarone-induced changes in thyroid function218 224 225 |
Cholestyramine |
Decreased plasma amiodarone concentrations and half-life1 203 262 355 |
|
Cimetidine |
||
Cisapride (no longer commercially available in the US) |
Additive effects in prolonging QTc interval; serious cardiac arrhythmias (e.g., torsades de pointes) reported432 |
Concurrent use contraindicated432 |
Clopidogrel |
Potential interaction resulting in ineffective inhibition of platelet aggregation by clopidogrel1 355 |
|
Cyclosporine |
Increased plasma cyclosporine concentrations resulting in elevated serum creatinine concentrations1 355 |
|
Dextromethorphan |
Possible inhibition of dextromethorphan metabolism with prolonged administration (>2 weeks) of oral amiodarone1 355 |
|
Disopyramide |
Additive effects in prolonging QTc interval; possible serious cardiac arrhythmias (e.g., torsades de pointes)1 355 |
|
Dolasetron |
Use concomitantly with caution; monitor cardiac function432 438 |
|
Fentanyl |
Possible hypotension, bradycardia, and decreased cardiac output1 355 |
|
Flecainide |
Decreased flecainide clearance226 |
Reduce flecainide dosage by 30–50% several days after initiating amiodarone therapy1 226 355 Monitor patient and plasma flecainide concentrations closely; adjust flecainide dosage as necessary1 226 320 355 |
Fluoroquinolone anti-infectives (e.g., ciprofloxacin, gemifloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin) |
Additive effects in prolonging QTc interval; possible serious cardiac arrhythmias (e.g., torsades de pointes)1 355 432 |
|
Grapefruit juice |
||
Halofantrine (no longer commercially available in the US) |
Additive effects in prolonging QTc interval; possible serious cardiac arrhythmias (e.g., torsades de pointes)444 |
Avoid concomitant use444 |
HCV antivirals |
Regimen containing sofosbuvir with another DAA (e.g., ledipasvir, simeprevir, daclatasvir): May result in serious symptomatic bradycardia (mechanism unknown);453 454 455 456 457 effect on plasma concentrations of the drugs is unknown454 455 456 457 Simeprevir-containing regimen that does not include sofosbuvir: Modestly increased plasma concentrations of oral amiodarone due to intestinal CYP3A4 inhibition by simeprevir456 Fixed combination of ombitasvir, paritaprevir, and ritonavir (ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir) with dasabuvir: Increased plasma concentrations of amiodarone458 |
Regimen containing sofosbuvir with another DAA: Concomitant use not recommended;454 455 456 457 if concomitant use necessary, patient counseling and cardiac monitoring required454 455 456 457 Simeprevir-containing regimen that does not include sofosbuvir: Use concomitantly with caution;456 amiodarone therapeutic drug monitoring recommended, if available456 Ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir with dasabuvir: Use concomitantly with caution;458 amiodarone therapeutic drug monitoring recommended, if available458 |
HIV protease inhibitors |
HIV protease inhibitors used with low-dose ritonavir (ritonavir-boosted) or without low-dose ritonavir (unboosted): Possible increased plasma concentrations of amiodarone and the HIV protease inhibitor1 200 355 |
Ritonavir-boosted saquinavir or ritonavir-boosted tipranavir: Concomitant use not recommended200 Other ritonavir-boosted HIV protease inhibitors or unboosted HIV protease inhibitors: Use concomitantly with caution;200 monitor for amiodarone toxicity;200 consider monitoring ECG and amiodarone plasma concentrations200 |
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) |
Increased risk of myopathy and/or rhabdomyolysis, particularly when used with higher dosages of certain statins (e.g., simvastatin)1 355 371 417 448 449 450 451 |
Reduce dosage of lovastatin (to ≤40 mg daily) or simvastatin (to ≤20 mg daily) during concomitant therapy with amiodarone371 417 448 |
Lidocaine |
Increased serum lidocaine concentrations; potential increase in adverse effects (e.g., sinus bradycardia, seizures)1 355 |
|
Loratadine |
Additive effects in prolonging QTc interval; serious cardiac arrhythmias (e.g., torsades de pointes)1 355 |
|
Macrolide antibiotics |
Additive effects in prolonging QTc interval; serious cardiac arrhythmias (e.g., torsades de pointes)1 355 |
|
Methotrexate |
Possible inhibition of methotrexate metabolism with prolonged administration (>2 weeks) of oral amiodarone1 355 |
|
Phenytoin |
Increased serum phenytoin concentrations;1 203 205 206 355 possible phenytoin toxicity (e.g., nystagmus, ataxia, lethargy)1 203 205 206 |
Monitor serum phenytoin concentrations and closely observe patient for signs of phenytoin toxicity; reduce phenytoin dosage as necessary1 205 |
Pimozide |
Additive effects in prolonging QTc interval; possible serious cardiac arrhythmias (e.g., torsades de pointes)433 |
Concomitant use contraindicated433 |
Procainamide |
Increased plasma procainamide and N-acetylprocainamide (NAPA) concentrations;1 203 227 possible increases in QTc and QRS intervals and acceleration of ventricular tachycardia313 |
Reduce procainamide dosage by 20–33% when amiodarone therapy is initiated or discontinue procainamide therapy1 227 313 355 |
Quinidine |
Increased serum quinidine concentrations;1 35 227 228 355 possible marked QT prolongation and torsades de pointes207 228 264 |
Reduce quinidine dosage by 33–50% when amiodarone therapy is initiated or discontinue quinidine therapy1 227 355 Monitor serum quinidine concentrations carefully and reduce quinidine dosage as necessary; observe patient closely for signs of toxicity, including QT prolongation1 227 228 355 |
Rifampin |
Decreased plasma amiodarone and desethylamiodarone concentrations1 355 |
|
St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum) |
||
Trazodone |
Additive effects in prolonging QTc interval; serious cardiac arrhythmias (e.g., torsades de pointes)1 355 |
|
Ziprasidone |
Possible additive effects in prolonging QTc interval; possible serious cardiac arrhythmias (e.g., torsades de pointes)437 |
Avoid concomitant use437 |
Amiodarone Hydrochloride Pharmacokinetics
Absorption
Bioavailability
Slowly1 2 10 25 35 40 49 55 58 59 61 62 65 78 79 80 81 99 and variably absorbed from the GI tract following oral administration;1 2 5 25 26 35 49 55 56 58 59 60 61 62 65 70 76 77 78 79 80 81 99 absolute bioavailability averages 50%1 25 55 58 59 60 61 78 79 80 355 (range: 22–86%).2 3 25 55 58 59 60 78 99 Considerable interindividual variation in plasma concentrations attained with a given dosage.1 5 56 60 70 75 Following oral administration, peak plasma concentrations usually occur within 3–7 hours.1 2 10 25 35 55 58 59 60 61 62 64 65 73 78 79 80 81 99
Onset
Following oral administration, onset of antiarrhythmic activity is highly variable;1 2 3 23 25 42 59 64 68 72 however, a therapeutic response generally is not evident until 1–3 weeks after beginning therapy, even when loading doses are administered.1 2 3 5 23 25 42 59 64 68 72
Duration
Antiarrhythmic effects generally persist for 10–150 days following withdrawal of long-term therapy;1 2 3 4 5 23 24 26 49 56 59 67 72 79 duration of antiarrhythmic activity is variable and unpredictable1 and appears to depend on length of therapy2 26 and type of arrhythmia.5 23
Food
Food increases rate and extent of absorption.1 283
Distribution
Extent
Following chronic oral administration, amiodarone and N-desethylamiodarone are distributed extensively into many body tissues and fluids.1 2 10 25 35 55 56 62 78 81 84 86 94 98 99 290 Tissue concentrations generally exceed concurrent plasma concentrations of the drug.2 10 35 55 62 78 82 84 85 After long-term therapy, concentrations of the metabolite usually are substantially higher than concentrations of unchanged drug in almost all tissues, except adipose tissue.2 5 35 55 78 81 82 84 86 99
Following IV administration, amiodarone is rapidly and widely distributed.85
Amiodarone and N-desethylamiodarone cross the placenta to a limited extent.1 2 78 88 89 91 355 Amiodarone and N-desethylamiodarone are distributed into milk.1 2 78 89 91 355
Plasma Protein Binding
Approximately 96%.1 2 87 90 355
Elimination
Metabolism
Extensively metabolized,9 25 76 80 101 probably in the liver9 35 64 76 81 and possibly in the intestinal lumen and/or GI mucosa,35 64 76 to at least one major metabolite,1 2 25 35 76 77 78 81 96 101 355 N-desethylamiodarone. This metabolite appears to possess substantial electrophysiologic and antiarrhythmic activity similar to amiodarone’s.1 86 99 100 101 273 285 355
Elimination Route
Excreted almost completely in feces as unchanged drug and N-desethylamiodarone, presumably via biliary elimination.1 3 9 25 35 59 77 78 80 95 98 355
Half-life
Half-life of amiodarone appears to be substantially more prolonged following multiple rather than single doses.2 4 9 26 55 58 59 64 65 78 81 99 291
Following a single IV dose, the terminal elimination phase half-life of amiodarone averages 25 days (range 9–47 days);2 5 55 355 elimination half-life of N-desethylamiodarone equals or exceeds that of amiodarone.355
Following chronic oral administration, amiodarone has an initial elimination half-life of about 2.5–10 days, followed by a terminal elimination half-life averaging 53 days;1 55 elimination half-life of N-desethylamiodarone averages 57–61 days.1 25 55 93 97 99 101
Clearance may be more rapid in pediatric patients.2 9 40 69
Clearance may be decreased in geriatric patients (>65 years of age).355
Stability
Storage
Oral
Tablets
Tightly sealed containers at 20–25°C; protect from light.1 443 The manufacturer of one commercially available amiodarone tablet preparation (Pacerone) states the tablets may be exposed to 15–30°C.443
Parenteral
Injection Concentrate
20–25°C; protect from light and excessive heat.355 Store ampuls in carton to protect from light until used.355 Light protection not necessary during administration.355 c
Compatibility
Parenteral
Do not use evacuated glass containers for amiodarone hydrochloride infusions (incompatibility with a buffer in the container may cause precipitation).c Polysorbate 80, a component of IV amiodarone injection, can cause leaching of diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) from IV tubing, including PVC tubing; leaching increases at lower than recommended flow rates and at higher than recommended infusion concentrations.355
Solution Compatibilityc
Manufacturer states physically compatible in PVC container with amiodarone loss of <10% at 2 hours at room temperature and physically compatible in polyolefin or glass container with no amiodarone loss at 24 hours at room temperature.c
Compatible |
---|
Dextrose 5% in water |
Variable |
Sodium chloride 0.9% |
Drug Compatibility
Compatible |
---|
Dobutamine HCl |
Lidocaine HCl |
Potassium chloride |
Procainamide HCl |
Verapamil HCl |
Variable |
Furosemide |
Quinidine gluconate |
Compatible |
---|
Amikacin sulfate |
Amphotericin B |
Atracurium besylate |
Atropine sulfate |
Calcium chloride |
Calcium gluconate |
Caspofungin acetate |
Ceftaroline fosamil |
Ceftriaxone sodium |
Cefuroxime sodium |
Ciprofloxacin |
Clindamycin phosphate |
Dexmedetomidine HCl |
Dobutamine HCl |
Dopamine HCl |
Doripenem |
Doxycycline hyclate |
Epinephrine HCl |
Eptifibatide |
Erythromycin lactobionate |
Esmolol HCl |
Famotidine |
Fenoldopam mesylate |
Fentanyl citrate |
Fluconazole |
Gentamicin sulfate |
Hetastarch in lactated electrolyte injection (Hextend) |
Insulin, regular |
Isoproterenol HCl |
Labetalol HCl |
Lepirudin |
Lidocaine HCl |
Lorazepam |
Methylprednisolone sodium succinate |
Metoprolol tartrate |
Midazolam HCl |
Milrinone lactate |
Morphine sulfate |
Nesiritide |
Nitroglycerin |
Norepinephrine bitartrate |
Penicillin G potassium |
Phentolamine mesylate |
Phenylephrine HCl |
Potassium chloride |
Procainamide HCl |
Tirofiban HCl |
Tobramycin sulfate |
Vancomycin HCl |
Vasopressin |
Vecuronium bromide |
Incompatible |
Aminophylline |
Ampicillin sodium-sulbactam sodium |
Argatroban |
Bivalirudin |
Ceftazidime |
Digoxin |
Heparin sodium |
Imipenem-cilastatin sodium |
Micafungin sodium |
Piperacillin sodium-tazobactam |
Potassium phosphates |
Sodium bicarbonate |
Sodium phosphates |
Variable |
Cefazolin sodium |
Furosemide |
Magnesium sulfate |
Sodium nitroprusside |
Actions
-
Exhibits greater efficacy and a lower incidence of proarrhythmic effects than class I or other class III antiarrhythmic drugs. 406 407
-
Delays repolarization by prolonging the action potential duration and effective refractory period in cardiac tissue.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 12 13 17 18 19 21 22 25 26 38 355
-
Inhibits transmembrane influx of extracellular sodium ions via fast sodium channels.5 13 32 35 44 355 Combines with fast sodium channels in their inactive state and inhibits recovery after repolarization in a time- and voltage-dependent manner.21 25 32 35 44 46
-
Noncompetitively inhibits α- and β-adrenergic responses to sympathetic stimulation and catecholamine administration.1 3 4 5 6 9 10 11 13 14 15 16 19 21 24 25 34 35 51
-
Depresses sinus node function1 3 4 5 6 9 10 11 14 15 18 20 21 25 26 28 29 30 33 34 35 39 49 50 and automaticity.1 5 6 9 25
-
Relaxes cardiac and vascular smooth muscle, thereby dilating both systemic and coronary arteries.1 3 4 9 10 13 14 17 35 53 54
-
Inhibits extrathyroidal deiodinases,231 237 269 resulting in decreased peripheral conversion of thyroxine (T4) to triiodothyronine (T3).1 4 9 25 35 83 154 231 232 233 234 235 237 253 269 298 355
-
Contains 37.3% iodine; each 200-mg tablet or each mL of the injection contains approximately 75 or 18.7 mg of iodine, respectively.1 2 13 355
-
Inhibits phospholipase (e.g., phospholipase A1, A2, and C)150 270 activity in vitro;35 150 157 270 326 339 production of amiodarone-phospholipid complexes within certain organs may be involved in the development of adverse effects.9 25 35 150 156 157 158 159 161 162 163 164 177 179 183 185 186 187 191 192 193 196 270
-
Inhibits α-galactosidase activity.439
Advice to Patients
-
Importance of patients taking medication exactly as prescribed.431 Importance of not taking a double dose to make up for a missed dose but instead taking the next scheduled dose.431
-
Importance of not interrupting or discontinuing therapy without consulting a clinician, even if improvement is evident, as condition may worsen.431
-
Importance of seeking medical attention immediately or proceeding to a hospital emergency department if too many oral doses are ingested.431
-
If serious adverse effects occur, importance of informing a clinician before discontinuing the drug.431
-
Importance of patients informing clinician of history of BP abnormalities, lung, liver, or thyroid disorders prior to treatment initiation.431
-
Importance of clinicians informing patients of potential toxicities (e.g., lung, liver) that may occur during therapy.355
-
Importance of patients informing clinician of any episodes of shortness of breath, wheezing, coughing, spitting up blood, chest pain, any other breathing disorders, or aggravation of cardiovascular disease.4 431
-
Importance of patients informing clinician of symptoms of thyroid dysfunction such as weakness, weight gain or loss, heat or cold intolerance, hair thinning, sweating, menstrual cycle changes, swelling of the neck (goiter), nervousness, irritability, restlessness, decreased concentration, depression in geriatric patients, or tremor.431
-
Importance of patients contacting their clinician if nausea or vomiting, dark urine, fatigue, yellowing of the skin or whites of eyes, or stomach pain occurs.431
-
Importance of patients contacting their clinician if heart pounding, irregular heart beat, rapid or slow heartbeat, lightheadedness, or faintness occurs.431
-
Importance of patients contacting their clinician if visual disturbances (e.g., blurred vision, visual halos, ocular photosensitivity) occur.431
-
Importance of advising patients that most manufacturers of corneal refractive laser surgery devices consider the procedure to be contraindicated in patients receiving amiodarone.1 355
-
Importance of regular laboratory monitoring (e.g., pulmonary, thyroid, and liver function) and clinical (e.g., cardiac, ophthalmologic) evaluation.1 355
-
Importance of patients informing clinicians of existing or contemplated therapy, including prescription and OTC drugs, dietary supplements and/or herbal products, as well as any concomitant illnesses.1 355
-
Importance of women informing clinicians if they are or plan to become pregnant or plan to breast-feed.1 355 Importance of avoiding pregnancy during therapy.431
-
Importance of using sunscreen agents1 25 35 72 153 190 195 283 and protective clothing1 35 190 195 431 and of avoiding excessive exposure to sunlight or sun lamps.25 35 190 431
-
Importance of taking amiodarone in a consistent manner relative to food intake.1 431
-
Importance of not consuming grapefruit juice during oral amiodarone therapy.1 355 431
-
Importance of advising patients of other important precautionary information.1 355
Additional Information
The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. represents that the information provided in the accompanying monograph was formulated with a reasonable standard of care, and in conformity with professional standards in the field. Readers are advised that decisions regarding use of drugs are complex medical decisions requiring the independent, informed decision of an appropriate health care professional, and that the information contained in the monograph is provided for informational purposes only. The manufacturer’s labeling should be consulted for more detailed information. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. does not endorse or recommend the use of any drug. The information contained in the monograph is not a substitute for medical care.
Preparations
Excipients in commercially available drug preparations may have clinically important effects in some individuals; consult specific product labeling for details.
Please refer to the ASHP Drug Shortages Resource Center for information on shortages of one or more of these preparations.
* available from one or more manufacturer, distributor, and/or repackager by generic (nonproprietary) name
Routes |
Dosage Forms |
Strengths |
Brand Names |
Manufacturer |
---|---|---|---|---|
Oral |
Tablets |
100 mg |
Pacerone |
Upsher-Smith |
200 mg* |
Amiodarone Hydrochloride Tablets |
|||
Cordarone (scored) |
Wyeth |
|||
Pacerone (scored) |
Upsher-Smith |
|||
400 mg* |
Amiodarone Hydrochloride Tablets |
|||
Pacerone (scored) |
Upsher-Smith |
|||
Parenteral |
Concentrate for injection, for IV infusion |
50 mg/mL* |
Amiodarone Hydrochloride Injection |
AHFS DI Essentials™. © Copyright 2024, Selected Revisions June 10, 2024. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc., 4500 East-West Highway, Suite 900, Bethesda, Maryland 20814.
† Off-label: Use is not currently included in the labeling approved by the US Food and Drug Administration.
References
1. Wyeth Pharmaceuticals Inc. Cordarone (amiodarone hydrochloride) tablets prescribing information. Philadelphia, PA; 2008 Apr.
2. Latini R, Tognoni G, Kates RE. Clinical pharmacokinetics of amiodarone. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1984; 9:136-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6370540?dopt=AbstractPlus
3. Anon. Amiodarone. Med Lett Drugs Ther. 1986; 28:49-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3702807?dopt=AbstractPlus
4. Marcus FI, Fontaine GH, Frank R et al. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutic applications of the antiarrhythmic agent, amiodarone. Am Heart J. 1981; 101:480-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7010975?dopt=AbstractPlus
5. Zipes DP, Prystowsky EN, Heger JJ. Amiodarone: electrophysiologic actions, pharmacokinetics and clinical effects. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1984; 3:1059-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6368644?dopt=AbstractPlus
6. Singh BN. Amiodarone: historical development and pharmacologic profile. Am Heart J. 1983; 106(4 Part 2):788-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6351575?dopt=AbstractPlus
7. Ikeda N, Nademanee K, Kannan R et al. Electrophysiologic effects of amiodarone: experimental and clinical observation relative to serum and tissue drug concentrations. Am Heart J. 1984; 108(4 Part 1):890-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6485999?dopt=AbstractPlus
8. Vaughan Williams EM. A classification of antiarrhythmic actions reassessed after a decade of new drugs. J Clin Pharmacol. 1984; 24:129-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6144698?dopt=AbstractPlus
9. Sloskey GE. Amiodarone: a unique antiarrhythmic agent. Clin Pharm. 1983; 2:330-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6349912?dopt=AbstractPlus
10. Canada AT, Lesko LJ, Haffajee CI et al. Amiodarone for tachyarrhythmias: pharmacology, kinetics, and efficacy. Drug Intell Clin Pharm. 1983; 17:100-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6337802?dopt=AbstractPlus
11. Gagnol JP, Devos C, Clinet M et al. Amiodarone: biochemical aspects and haemodynamic effects. Drugs. 1985; 29(Suppl 3):1-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2986937?dopt=AbstractPlus
12. Olsson SB, Brorson L, Varnauskas E. Class 3 antiarrhythmic action in man: observations from monophasic action potential recordings and amiodarone treatment. Br Heart J. 1973; 35:1255-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4586372?dopt=AbstractPlus
13. Singh BN, Vaughan Williams EM. The effect of amiodarone, a new anti-anginal drug, on cardiac muscle. Br J Pharmacol. 1970; 39:657-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5485142?dopt=AbstractPlus
14. Charlier R, Deltour G, Baudine A et al. Pharmacology of amiodarone, an anti-anginal drug with a new biological profile. Arzneimittelforschung. 1968; 18:1408-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5755904?dopt=AbstractPlus
15. Charlier R. Cardiac actions in the dog of a new antagonist of adrenergic excitation which does not produce competitive blockade of adrenoreceptors. Br J Pharmacol. 1970; 39:668-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5485143?dopt=AbstractPlus
16. Polster P, Broekhuysen J. The adrenergic antagonism of amiodarone. Biochem Pharmacol. 1976; 25:131-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1259774?dopt=AbstractPlus
17. Coté P, Bourassa MG, Delaye J et al. Effects of amiodarone on cardiac and coronary hemodynamics and on myocardial metabolism in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation. 1979; 59:1165-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/436209?dopt=AbstractPlus
18. Finerman WB Jr, Hamer A, Peter T et al. Electrophysiologic effects of chronic amiodarone therapy in patients with ventricular arrhythmias. Am Heart J. 1982; 104(5 Part 1):987-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7137016?dopt=AbstractPlus
19. Bauthier J, Broekhuysen J, Charlier R et al. Nature of the inhibition by amiodarone of isoproterenol-induced tachycardia in the dog. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther. 1976; 219:45-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1267541?dopt=AbstractPlus
20. Touboul P, Atallah G, Gressard A et al. Effects of amiodarone on sinus node in man. Br Heart J. 1979; 42:573-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/518781?dopt=AbstractPlus
21. Rosen MR, Wit AL. Electropharmacology of antiarrhythmic drugs. Am Heart J. 1983; 106(4 Part 2):829-39. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6412533?dopt=AbstractPlus
22. Venkatesh N, Somani P, Bersohn M et al. Electropharmacology of amiodarone: absence of relationship to serum, myocardial, and cardiac sarcolemmal drug concentrations. Am Heart J. 1986; 112:916-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3776818?dopt=AbstractPlus
23. Nademanee K, Singh BN, Hendrickson JA et al. Pharmacokinetic significance of serum reverse T3 levels during amiodarone treatment: a potential method for monitoring chronic drug therapy. Circulation. 1982; 66:202-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7083508?dopt=AbstractPlus
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