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Benzodiazepines

Medically reviewed by Carmen Pope, BPharm. Last updated on April 14, 2023.

What are Benzodiazepines?

Benzodiazepines (also called “benzos”) are a class of agents that work in the central nervous system and are used for a variety of medical conditions.

They act on specific receptors in the brain, called gamma-aminobutyric acid-A (GABA-A) receptors. Benzodiazepines attach to these receptors and make the nerves in the brain less sensitive to stimulation, which has a calming effect.

What are benzodiazepines used for?

Benzodiazepines may be used to treat:

What are the differences between benzodiazepines?

All benzodiazepines work in a similar way but there are differences in the way individual benzodiazepines act on different GABA-A receptor sub-types. In addition, some benzodiazepines are more potent than others or work for a longer length of time. The table below summarizes the common benzodiazepines available in the U.S.

Common Benzodiazepines Available in the U.S.

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Generic Name Brand Name Common Uses Half-life*
* The half-life is the amount of time it takes for half of the drug to be eliminated from the body. The shorter the half-life, the quicker the drug is eliminated.
All benzodiazepines are listed as DEA scheduled IV controlled substances. As controlled substances, all benzodiazepines have the potential for abuse, addiction and diversion.
alprazolam Niravam, Xanax, Xanax XR anxiety, panic disorders 6-26h (short-acting)
chlordiazepoxide Librax anxiety, alcohol withdrawal 30-100h (long-acting)
clobazam Onfi Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, adjunct (seizures) 71-82h (long-acting)
clonazepam Klonopin seizure disorder, panic disorder, neuralgia (nerve pain) 20-50h (long-acting)
clorazepate Tranxene T-Tab anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, partial seizures 20-100h (long-acting)
diazepam Valium anxiety, sedation, alcohol withdrawal, muscle spasm, seizure disorders 20-100h (long-acting)
estazolam ProSom insomnia (short-term use) 10-24h (medium-acting)
flurazepam Dalmane insomnia (short-term use) 40-100h (long-acting)
lorazepam Ativan anxiety, insomnia (short-term use), seizures, sedation 10-20h (medium-acting)
midazolam Generic sedation, preoperative; general anesthesia induction; seizures 2.5h (short-acting)
oxazepam Generic anxiety, alcohol withdrawal 5-15h (short-acting)
quazepam Doral insomnia (short-term use) 25h (medium-acting)
remimazolam Byfavo sedation, preoperative, relaxant before minor procedures 37 - 53 minutes (very short-acting)
temazepam Restoril insomnia (short-term use) 10-20h (medium-acting)
triazolam Halcion insomnia (short-term use) 2-5h (short-acting)

Are benzodiazepines safe?

When prescribed by a doctor and used for short periods of time, such as the day of surgery or for less than two weeks (but not every night) to aid sleep, benzodiazepines are safe to take.

Problems start to arise when benzodiazepines are taken at higher dosages than recommended, or when they are taken for more than two to four weeks. Benzodiazepines are potentially addictive and the risk of becoming emotionally and physically dependent on them increases the more you take. In addition, tolerance can develop with their use. This is when the same dose no longer gives the same effect, and a dosage increase is needed to ease symptoms again.

Benzodiazepines should only be taken at the lowest dose for the shortest possible length of time.

What are the side effects of benzodiazepines?

Drowsiness, sleepiness, or dizziness are the most common side effects reported. This can make it dangerous for people taking benzodiazepines to drive or operate machinery or perform other hazardous tasks. Alcohol may potentiate these effects.

Other commonly reported side effects include:

  • amnesia (forgetfulness)
  • confusion
  • constipation
  • nausea
  • sexual dysfunction
  • unsteadiness when walking or standing
  • unusually slow and shallow breathing
  • vision problems (blurred or double vision).

Withdrawal symptoms may occur with abrupt discontinuation – symptoms may include convulsions, cramps, insomnia, sweating, tremors, and vomiting.

Some people develop a paradoxical reaction to benzodiazepines – this is the opposite reaction to what you would expect. They may become agitated or very anxious, develop hallucinations, have difficulty sleeping or exhibit bizarre behavior such as taking off their clothes in public or taking unnecessary risks.

For more about benzodiazepines see Benzodiazepines: Overview and Use.

List of Benzodiazepines

View by  Generic | Brand
Drug Name Avg. Rating Reviews
clonazepam systemic (Pro)
Brand name: Klonopin
8.2
2,146 reviews
alprazolam systemic (Pro)
Brand names: Alprazolam Intensol, Xanax, Xanax XR
8.7
1,477 reviews
lorazepam systemic (Pro)
Brand names: Ativan, Lorazepam Intensol, Loreev XR
8.0
1,049 reviews
diazepam systemic (Pro)
Brand names: Diazepam Intensol, Valium
8.5
873 reviews
temazepam systemic (Pro)
Brand name: Restoril
6.5
446 reviews
chlordiazepoxide systemic (Pro)
8.8
208 reviews
midazolam systemic (Pro)
Brand names: Nayzilam, Seizalam
4.5
147 reviews
flurazepam systemic (Pro)
8.4
122 reviews
oxazepam systemic (Pro)
8.1
86 reviews
triazolam systemic (Pro)
Brand name: Halcion
8.2
71 reviews
clorazepate systemic (Pro)
Brand names: Tranxene, Tranxene T-Tab
9.2
55 reviews
clobazam systemic (Pro)
6.1
41 reviews
estazolam systemic (Pro)
8.0
26 reviews
quazepam systemic (Pro)
Brand name: Doral
9.8
13 reviews
remimazolam systemic (Pro)
Brand name: Byfavo
No reviews
For ratings, users were asked how effective they found the medicine while considering positive/adverse effects and ease of use (1 = not effective, 10 = most effective).

Further information

Always consult your healthcare provider to ensure the information displayed on this page applies to your personal circumstances.