HIV Infection

Medically reviewed by Drugs.com. Last updated on Apr 6, 2025.

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HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is a viral infection that slowly weakens your immune system. The virus kills a type of white blood cell called CD4. A normal CD4 count ranges from 500 to 2,000. You have HIV when your CD4 count ranges from 200 to 500. You have AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) when your CD4 count is less than 200. AIDS is the final stage of HIV infection. AIDS means your immune system cannot fight off infections and disease. This can become life-threatening. Seek care immediately if you think you may have been exposed to HIV. Drug treatments are available after exposure to HIV.

DISCHARGE INSTRUCTIONS:

Call your local emergency number (911 in the US) if:

• You have trouble breathing.
• You have a seizure.

Seek care immediately if:

• You have a fever and night sweats.
• You cough up blood.
• You have a headache and a stiff neck.
• You are confused and notice changes in the way you think.

Call your doctor if:

• You are having side effects from your medicines that make you want to stop taking them.
• You are more tired than usual or you have lost weight without trying.
• You have ongoing nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
• You have white vaginal discharge and vaginal pain or swelling.
• You see white spots or hairy patches inside your mouth.
• You have a rash, blisters, bruises, or other skin changes.
• You have a cough that will not go away.
• You have questions or concerns about your condition or care.

Medicines:

You may need any of the following:

• Antiretroviral medicines slow the progression of HIV. They are given in different combinations called highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Your healthcare provider will decide the kind of HAART you need. You may need to make HAART changes if you have severe side effects or develop resistance to a medicine.
• Antimicrobial medicines help treat or prevent bacterial, viral, or fungal infections.
• Antinausea medicine helps calm your stomach and prevent vomiting.
• Prescription pain medicine may be given. Ask how to take this medicine safely.
• Antidepressants may be given to help improve your mood.
• Preventative medicines help protect you from opportunistic infections. The infections can be very dangerous for a person who has an HIV infection. Examples include toxoplasmosis, Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP), and tuberculosis.
• Take your medicine as directed. Contact your healthcare provider if you think your medicine is not helping or if you have side effects. Tell your provider if you are allergic to any medicine. Keep a list of the medicines, vitamins, and herbs you take. Include the amounts, and when and why you take them. Bring the list or the pill bottles to follow-up visits. Carry your medicine list with you in case of an emergency.

Drugs used to treat this and similar conditions

Treatment options

The following list of medications are related to or used in the treatment of this condition.

• Truvada
• Biktarvy
• Descovy
• Norvir
• Dovato

View more treatment options

Improve your quality of life:

Early treatment and good management can help you live for years with an HIV infection. You will need to learn about HIV and manage your health to improve your quality of life. Do the following to help keep your immune system strong:

• Talk to your healthcare provider about your family medical history. Tell your provider about any disease that runs in your family. Examples include cancer, heart disease, diabetes, and arthritis. Some diseases can weaken the immune system. Tell your provider about all medicines you take. This will help your provider make sure your medicines do not interfere with HIV medicines.
• Keep all follow-up visits. You will need to visit your provider for blood tests and frequent physical exams. These can help your provider find and possibly treat a health condition that develops. You may also be screened for certain infections, such as tuberculosis. Your provider may ask about support you have from family or friends to manage HIV. Tell your provider how you are feeling emotionally and physically at each visit.
• Eat a variety of healthy foods. A dietitian can help you learn about nutrition. You need to eat enough calories to prevent weight loss caused by HIV. You also need protein and iron to prevent anemia, and calcium to prevent bone loss. Never eat raw eggs, unpasteurized foods, undercooked meat, or anything else that could cause food poisoning.
• Stay active. Most people with HIV can safely exercise for at least 20 minutes, 3 times a week. Regular exercise can strengthen your heart and help prevent depression. Ask your provider about the best exercise plan for you.
• Do not smoke. If you currently smoke, ask for information on how to stop. HIV and medicines to treat HIV can increase your risk for heart disease. Nicotine increases the risk even higher. Do not use e-cigarettes or smokeless tobacco products instead of cigarettes. They still contain nicotine.
• Find support in your community. Ask your provider to help you find counseling and other mental health services. You may want to join a support group for people with HIV.

Prevent the spread of HIV through body fluid:

• Have safe sex. Tell your sex partners that you are HIV-positive. Use a latex condom correctly each time you have vaginal, anal, or oral sex. If you are female, you may use a latex female condom when a male condom cannot be used. Do not share sex toys.
• Tell healthcare providers you are HIV-positive. Include all healthcare providers, such as your doctor, dentist, and anyone taking a blood sample.
• Be careful with body fluids. Do not let your body fluids get near the mouth, eyes, anus, or open skin cuts of others. Do not let anyone who is not wearing gloves touch your sores, cuts, blood, or body fluids.
• Do not donate blood, tissues, or sperm. You may be able to donate an organ to another person who has HIV. Your provider can give you more information on donation guidelines.
• Do not share needles or other injectable drug equipment. Use a needle exchange program to get clean needles. Also do not share syringes, rinse water, or anything else used to prepare drugs for injection. Ask your healthcare provider for information if you need help to stop using illegal drugs.
• Do not share objects or tools. Examples include razors, toothbrushes, or tweezers. They may cut or scrape the skin and cause others to come into contact with blood.
• Do not pierce your ears, navel, or any other place on your body. Piercing can cause bleeding. This may spread HIV.

Other ways to prevent the spread of HIV:

• Take every dose of HAART medicines exactly as directed. This will prevent the virus from mutating and becoming much harder to treat. Consistent use of HAART medicines may help prevent the spread of HIV to a sex partner or an unborn baby.
• Join a risk reduction program. Ask your healthcare provider or local health department to help you find a risk reduction program. This program will teach you how to tell others that you have HIV and ask sex partners to use condoms.
• Treat STIs right away. If you are sexually active, get tested for STIs at least 1 time each year. If you become infected with an STI, treat it right away. This may help reduce the risk that you will spread HIV to a sex partner.

What you need to know if you are female and have HIV:

• HIV increases the risk for cancer of the cervix, anus, vulva, and vagina. Follow up with your healthcare provider and get a Pap smear as directed. Pap smears check for signs of cervical cancer.
• Ask your provider which birth control method is best for you. Condoms are the best way to prevent passing HIV to a sex partner. In addition to condoms, use a second form of birth control to prevent pregnancy. Do not use vaginal spermicides, because they may increase the risk that you will spread HIV.
• Tell your provider if you are pregnant or want to become pregnant. Treatment can lower the risk that you will spread HIV to your baby. Attend all prenatal visits. Follow your provider's advice for a healthy outcome for you and your baby. Talk to your provider about breastfeeding.

Prevent the spread of germs:

• Wash your hands often. Wash your hands several times each day. Wash after you use the bathroom, change a child's diaper, and before you prepare or eat food. Use soap and water every time. Rub your soapy hands together, lacing your fingers. Wash the front and back of your hands, and in between your fingers. Use the fingers of one hand to scrub under the fingernails of the other hand. Wash for at least 20 seconds. Rinse with warm, running water for several seconds. Then dry your hands with a clean towel or paper towel. Use hand sanitizer that contains alcohol if soap and water are not available. Do not touch your eyes, nose, or mouth without washing your hands first.
• Cover a sneeze or cough. Use a tissue that covers your mouth and nose. Throw the tissue away in a trash can right away. Use the bend of your arm if a tissue is not available. Wash your hands well with soap and water or use a hand sanitizer.
• Avoid others when you have active signs or symptoms. Stay home as much as possible. Avoid crowds if you must go out. Do not have close contact with someone who is sick.
• Ask about vaccines you may need. Talk to your healthcare provider about your vaccine history. Your provider will tell you which vaccines you need, and when to get them. Vaccines can help keep your immune system healthy by preventing infections.
  • Get the influenza (flu) vaccine as soon as recommended each year. The flu vaccine is available starting in September or October. Flu viruses change, so it is important to get a flu vaccine every year.
  • Get a COVID-19 vaccine as directed. At least 1 dose of an updated vaccine is recommended for everyone 6 months or older. COVID-19 vaccines are given as a shot in 1 to 3 doses, depending on the age of the person who receives it. COVID-19 vaccines are updated throughout the year. Your healthcare provider can help you schedule all needed doses as updated vaccines become available.
  • Get the pneumonia vaccine if recommended. This vaccine is usually recommended every 5 years. Your provider will tell you when to get this vaccine, if needed.

Follow up with your doctor every 3 or 4 months or as directed:

You will need to return regularly for blood tests to measure CD4 cell and viral load counts. Your healthcare provider may do tests if your ARV medicines are not working as expected. You may need other tests on a regular basis. Write down your questions so you remember to ask them during your visits.

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The above information is an educational aid only. It is not intended as medical advice for individual conditions or treatments. Talk to your doctor, nurse or pharmacist before following any medical regimen to see if it is safe and effective for you.

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