Maritime Pine

Scientific Name(s): Pinus pinaster Aiton., Pinus radiata
Common Name(s): Enzogenol, Maritime pine extract, Monterey pine extract, Pine bark extract, Pycnogenol

Medically reviewed by Drugs.com. Last updated on Dec 19, 2022.

Clinical Overview

Use

Pine bark extract demonstrates antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions and has been studied for a wide range of clinical conditions, including asthma, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), chronic venous insufficiency, cardiovascular conditions, diabetes, and erectile dysfunction. However, the publication of many methodologically weak clinical trials makes it difficult to provide unequivocal support for the use of pine bark extract for any condition.

Dosing

Doses of pine bark extract have been studied in clinical trials, most commonly at 150 mg per day in 3 divided doses.

Contraindications

Contraindications have not yet been identified.

Pregnancy/Lactation

Information regarding safety and efficacy during pregnancy and lactation is lacking.

Interactions

None well documented.

Adverse Reactions

Pine bark extract is generally well tolerated, with occasional minor gastric discomfort, dizziness, nausea, and headache.

Toxicology

Pine bark extract is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) based on data from animal studies and clinical trials; however, few studies evaluate safety as a primary outcome.

Scientific Family

• Pinaceae (Pine)

Botany

P. pinaster Aiton (previously termed Prunus maritima Mill.) and P. radiata are medium-sized pines growing up to 30 m tall with bright red-brown, deeply fissured bark. They have stout needles occurring in clusters and produce oval cones 10 to 20 cm long. The pine tree is native to the western and southwestern Mediterranean regions but has rapidly naturalized to other countries, including the United States, England, South Africa, and Australia. The largest man-made forest in the world, the 900,000 hectare Les Landes on the Atlantic coast of southwestern France, is populated almost entirely by P. pinaster.1, 2

Related/similar drugs

turmeric, Ginkgo Biloba

History

In 1535, a French explorer is reputed to have used tea made from the bark of the maritime pine to treat scurvy among his sailors when his ship became icebound. The extract has been used for anemia, inflammation, and cardiovascular conditions. Pine bark has been used as a food source in emergencies. Pine bark extract is available without a prescription in the US health food stores and pharmacies, as well as from online sources.2, 3, 4, 5

Chemistry

Pine bark extract is composed of 80% to 85% proanthocyanidins, the monomers catechin and taxifolin (5%), and phenolic acids, including derivatives of benzoic and cinnamic acids (2% to 4%). Depending on the extraction process and the source Pinus species used (P. radiata or P. pinaster), the exact composition will vary. Geographical and seasonal variation is also expected. Pine bark is boiled with saturated sodium chloride, cooled, and extracted with ethyl acetate. After concentration, the solution is precipitated with chloroform. This process is repeated several times to remove condensed tannins. In some studies, the extracted compounds are designated procyanidiol oligomers. The phenolic acids are derivatives of benzoic and cinnamic acids. Confusion previously arose when grape seed extract was marketed as containing "pycnogenol." Maritime pine extract is included in the United States Pharmacopeia.2, 3, 4, 5

Uses and Pharmacology

The quality of many published clinical studies has been limited by small sample sizes or the use of nonrandomized or open-label designs. Many of the studies have been conducted by a small pool of researchers, some being industry-sponsored. Insufficient evidence exists supporting the use of pine bark extracts for any long-term condition. The findings from ongoing clinical trials are anticipated.2, 3, 6

Antioxidant properties of pine bark extracts have been well described in laboratory studies and are considered to be responsible for the majority of clinical effects.2, 3, 4 However, clinical studies evaluating changes in antioxidant status after pine bark extract administration in humans have produced equivocal results.7, 8, 9

Asthma

Animal data

Animal data regarding the use of pine bark extract in asthma are lacking.

Clinical data

Limited small studies have been conducted in children and adults.6 Reductions in the mean use of asthma inhaler puffs and improved peak flow measures were reported.10, 11

CNS

Animal data

Animal data regarding the use of pine bark extract in diseases of the CNS are lacking.

Clinical data

Limited small clinical studies with positive findings have been conducted in cognition, ADHD, and brain injury.12, 13, 14 These studies also report no serious adverse effects; more clinical studies are needed. Results from a systematic review of ADHD in children and adults found results to be equivocal.15

Cardiovascular effects

Animal data

Studies in spontaneously hypertensive rats suggest a protective effect on microvasculature by pine bark extract thought to be due to antioxidant effects. Small decreases in systolic blood pressure were also observed.16 Cardiomyopathy in diabetic rats was reduced by pine bark extract, also considered to be due to antioxidant activity, but possibly due to improved cardiac energy metabolism via observed lowered plasma glucose.17

Clinical data

Multiple trials conducted in various cardiovascular conditions, including chronic venous insufficiency and hypertension, report positive findings. The majority of these studies are methodologically weak or subject to bias,2, 6 and at least 1 clinical study has been published that found no impact of supplemental pine bark extract on cardiovascular disease risk factors.18 Changes in markers of oxidative stress in cardiovascular disease have been demonstrated in small clinical trials.6, 19, 20, 21

Lipid parameters (ie, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, triglycerides), excluding low-density lipoprotein (LDL), were not found to be affected by supplementation of the standardized maritime pine extract Pycnogenol in a meta-analysis of 5 controlled studies (N = 442) published between 2003 to 2012. A significant dose-effect association was, however, found for LDL (slope −0.007; P = 0.01). Studies included healthy volunteers as well as patients with hypertension, stable coronary artery disease, type 2 diabetes and hypertension, erectile dysfunction, elderly patients, and perimenopausal women; Pycnogenol was dosed at 120 to 200 mg/day for a duration of 2 to 24 weeks. Limitations of the analysis included observed effect sizes too small to be clinically relevant, lack of data on concomitant lipid-lowering drugs, and uncontrolled dietary measures.44

Cancer

Animal data

Pine bark extracts induced apoptosis in MCF-7 breast cancer cells and in HL-60 leukemia cells and reduced the adverse effects of chemotherapy and radiation therapy in rats.22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28

Clinical data

There are no clinical data regarding the use of pine bark extract in cancer.

Diabetes

Animal data

In vitro studies suggest pine bark extract exhibits a number of beneficial effects, including inhibition of lipid accumulation in adipocytes, stimulation of lipolysis, and increased glucose uptake.29, 30, 31

In rodent studies, pine bark extract showed antioxidant effects and improved insulin resistance and hyperglycemia.32, 33

Clinical data

Limited, methodically weak clinical trials have been conducted in type 2 diabetes.6 Doses of pine bark extract 150 mg daily have been used in these studies with no apparent serious adverse effects; more robust clinical studies are needed.

Erectile dysfunction

Animal data

Animal data regarding the use of pine bark extract in erectile dysfunction are lacking.

Clinical data

One small clinical trial showed improved symptom scores for erectile dysfunction. Markers of oxidative stress remained unchanged.6, 34 Other limited clinical trials have evaluated the efficacy of pine bark extract in combination with L-arginine.35, 36

Inflammation

Animal studies

Animal and in vitro studies suggest that pine bark extract exerts an anti-inflammatory effect possibly via proinflammatory mediators.37, 38, 39, 40

Clinical studies

Limited clinical studies suggest a role in the management of osteoarthritis with improved Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index scores after 3 months of pine bark extracts 100 mg per day; however, methodological weaknesses limit the impact of these trials.2, 6

Other uses

Pine bark extract has been studied for multiple conditions including diabetic retinopathy and ulceration, tinnitus, hemorrhoids, hyperpigmentation in melasma, menopausal symptoms, motion sickness, traveler's thrombosis, control of inflammation in lupus patients, as an adjunct for childhood asthma, and in a chewing gum for gingival bleeding and plaque. The majority of these clinical studies are methodologically weak or subject to bias.2, 6

Dosing

Doses of pine bark extract 60 to 300 mg daily have been studied in clinical trials, most commonly at 150 mg/day in 3 divided doses.2, 3, 5 The pharmacokinetics of maritime pine bark extract constituents have been studied in human volunteers. A total of 15 compounds were found to be rapidly absorbed and metabolized by phase 2 enzymes.41

Pregnancy / Lactation

Information regarding safety and efficacy during pregnancy and lactation is lacking. Pine bark extract has been studied in a small clinical trial for pain in the third trimester of pregnancy at a dose of 30 mg/day; however, this should not be regarded as evidence of safety.42

Interactions

None well documented.

Adverse Reactions

Pine bark extract is generally well tolerated, with occassional minor gastric discomfort, dizziness, nausea, and headache. Clinical studies using pine bark extracts report no clinically important adverse events at doses of 150 mg daily; however, few studies evaluate safety as a primary outcome.2, 6 Studies in dogs report emesis and production of soft feces.4

Toxicology

Pine bark extract is GRAS, based on data from animal studies and clinical trials; however, few studies evaluate safety as a primary outcome.2, 3, 4, 9 P. radiata extract was nonmutagenic in the Ames test.4 Consumption of pine needles is associated with abortion in cattle.43

Index Terms

• Prunus maritima Mill.

References

Disclaimer

This information relates to an herbal, vitamin, mineral or other dietary supplement. This product has not been reviewed by the FDA to determine whether it is safe or effective and is not subject to the quality standards and safety information collection standards that are applicable to most prescription drugs. This information should not be used to decide whether or not to take this product. This information does not endorse this product as safe, effective, or approved for treating any patient or health condition. This is only a brief summary of general information about this product. It does NOT include all information about the possible uses, directions, warnings, precautions, interactions, adverse effects, or risks that may apply to this product. This information is not specific medical advice and does not replace information you receive from your health care provider. You should talk with your health care provider for complete information about the risks and benefits of using this product.

This product may adversely interact with certain health and medical conditions, other prescription and over-the-counter drugs, foods, or other dietary supplements. This product may be unsafe when used before surgery or other medical procedures. It is important to fully inform your doctor about the herbal, vitamins, mineral or any other supplements you are taking before any kind of surgery or medical procedure. With the exception of certain products that are generally recognized as safe in normal quantities, including use of folic acid and prenatal vitamins during pregnancy, this product has not been sufficiently studied to determine whether it is safe to use during pregnancy or nursing or by persons younger than 2 years of age.

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