Kola nuts are commonly chewed in West and Northern Africa for their stimulant properties and to aid digestion and suppress cough. A formulation of kola nuts and coca leaves as a remedy for headache led to the commercial carbonated cola drink, Coca-Cola, in the 1880s. Kola nut extract is used in the food industry as a flavoring ingredient. Clinical trials are lacking to support use; however, CNS stimulation is evident, likely due to the caffeine content.
Clinical studies are lacking to provide dosing guidance.
Contraindications have not been identified.
Kola nut has US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) generally recognized as safe (GRAS) status; however, information regarding safety and efficacy in pregnancy and lactation is lacking.
See Drug Interactions section.
Case reports and clinical studies are lacking to identify potential adverse reactions.
Kola nut has FDA GRAS status and is used in the food industry. The high amine content may be related to oral and GI cancers observed among habitual chewers of kola nut.
C. acuminata is a moderately large evergreen tree (20 m) that produces green-white flowers with a central, purple-colored striation. The star-shaped fruits contain follicles that hold the bean-like seeds, the cotyledon of which is the sweet-smelling, bitter, brown kola nut. After drying, the nut is milder and aromatic.(Maurice 2014, USDA 2022)
A formulation of coca leaves and kola nuts was invented by an American pharmacist in the 1880s, initially as a headache and hangover remedy, then later as the first carbonated commercial Coca-Cola drink. The cola drink recipe no longer contains kola nut extract; however, kola nut extract continues to be used in the food industry as a flavoring ingredient.(Burdock 2009)
The nuts are commonly chewed in West and Northern Africa for their stimulant properties, with purported effects including increased energy and strength and the ability to stave off hunger and drowsiness. The seed also reportedly aids digestion and suppresses cough.(Atawodi 1995, Skarupova 2020)
Chemical compounds in the leaves and plant parts of C. acuminata have been identified and include tannoids (catechol and epicatechol), caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine; up to 3% of dry weight), theobromine, and theophylline.(Adeyeye 1994, Ekalu 2020, Skarupova 2020) Flavonoids, anthocyanins, and tannins have been described.(Burdock 2009) The amine content has also been studied.(Atawodi 1995) The presence of cardiac glycosides has also been suggested.(Ekalu 2020) Polyphenols and other compounds with biological activity are present in higher quantities in the seeds than the leaves.(Dah Nouvlessounon 2015)
The composition of fresh kola nuts differs from that of processed or dried nuts, and heat treatment may deactivate certain enzymes involved in the release of caffeine.(Adeyeye 1994, Burdock 2009)
Limited animal and in vitro studies suggest kola nut extract and caffeine exert similar neurological effects.(Burdock 2009) Anticholinesterase activity of aqueous C. acuminata seed extract has also been demonstrated in vitro, leading to claims regarding potential protective effects against neurodegenerative disease.(Oboh 2014)
Clinical studies are lacking. The CNS stimulant effects of 1 nut have been reported to be equal to or greater than effects of the caffeine content of 2 large cups of coffee.(Burdock 2009)
In a study documenting medicinal plants used in the treatment of sexual impotence and erectile dysfunction disorders in Uganda, C. acuminata was identified as a plant used for erectile dysfunction,(Kamatenesi-Mugisha 2005) although reports of use may be due to misidentification of the unrelated G. kola, which contains garcinoic acid and exhibits an affinity for the phosphodiesterase type 5 receptor.(Ojo 2021)
Limited studies in rats and ethnobotanical investigations suggest C. acuminata may possess hypoglycemic effects.(Ekalu 2020)
In a study evaluating the ultraviolet A (UVA) protective potential of plant extracts and phytochemicals, the methylxanthine content of C. acuminata was suggested to be responsible for observed effects in reducing harm from UVA radiation in mice.(Skarupova 2020)
Clinical studies are lacking to provide dosing guidance. The CNS stimulant effects of 1 nut have been reported to be equal to or greater than effects of the caffeine content of 2 large cups of coffee.(Burdock 2009)
Potential for kola nut to interact with various drugs has been theorized, including with ephedrine, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, adenosine, clozapine, benzodiazepines, beta-blockers, phenylpropanolamine, and quinolone antibiotics; however, case reports are lacking.(Burdock 2009)
CNS stimulants/Acebrophylline: Acebrophylline may enhance the stimulatory effect of CNS stimulants. Avoid combination.(Acebrophylline 2014)
Doxofylline/Caffeine and caffeine-containing products: Caffeine and caffeine-containing products may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of doxofylline. Avoid combination.(Doxofylline 2015)
Iohexol/Agents with seizure threshold–lowering potential: Agents with seizure threshold–lowering potential may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of iohexol. Specifically, the risk for seizures may be increased. Consider therapy modification.(Omnipaque July 2015)
Iomeprol/Agents with seizure threshold–lowering potential: Agents with seizure threshold–lowering potential may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of iomeprol. Specifically, the risk for seizures may be increased. Consider therapy modification.(Iomeron February 2009)
Iopamidol/Agents with seizure threshold–lowering potential: Agents with seizure threshold–lowering potential may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of iopamidol. Specifically, the risk for seizures may be increased. Consider therapy modification.(Isovue-M January 2017)
Sympathomimetics/Linezolid: Linezolid may enhance the hypertensive effect of sympathomimetics. Consider therapy modification.(Hendershot 2001, Zyvox June 2010)
Regadenoson/Caffeine and caffeine-containing products: Caffeine and caffeine-containing products may diminish the vasodilatory effect of regadenoson. Consider therapy modification.(Gaemperli 2008, Lexiscan October 2013, Tejani 2014, Zhao 2007)
Tizanidine/CYP1A2 inhibitors (weak): CYP1A2 inhibitors (weak) may increase the serum concentration of tizanidine. Consider therapy modification.(Granfors 2005, Zanaflex November 2013)
Amifampridine/Agents with seizure threshold–lowering potential: Agents with seizure threshold–lowering potential may enhance the neuroexcitatory and/or seizure-potentiating effect of amifampridine. Monitor therapy.(Firdapse November 2018)
Bromperidol/Caffeine and caffeine-containing products: Caffeine and caffeine-containing products may decrease the absorption of bromperidol. Monitor therapy.(Brom 2017)
Agents with seizure threshold–lowering potential/Bupropion: Bupropion may enhance the neuroexcitatory and/or seizure-potentiating effect of agents with seizure threshold–lowering potential. Monitor therapy.(Wellbutrin May 2017)
CYP1A2 substrates (high risk with inducers)/Cannabis: Cannabis may decrease the serum concentration of CYP1A2 substrates (high risk with inducers). Monitor therapy.(Chetty 1994, Gardner 1983, Jusko 1978, Jusko 1979)
Caffeine and caffeine-containing products/CYP1A2 inducers (moderate): CYP1A2 inducers (moderate) may decrease the serum concentration of caffeine and caffeine-containing products. Monitor therapy.(Aubagio September 2019, Cafcit December 2018)
CNS stimulants/Esketamine: Esketamine may enhance the hypertensive effect of CNS stimulants. Monitor therapy.(Spravato March 2019)
Formoterol/Caffeine and caffeine-containing products: Caffeine and caffeine-containing products may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of formoterol. Caffeine and caffeine-containing products may enhance the hypokalemic effect of formoterol. Monitor therapy.(Dulera June 2010)
Halofantrine/Kola nut: Kola nut may decrease serum concentrations of the active metabolite(s) of halofantrine. Kola nut may decrease the serum concentration of halofantrine. Monitor therapy.(Kolade 2008)
Indacaterol/Caffeine and caffeine-containing products: Caffeine and caffeine-containing products may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of indacaterol. Caffeine and caffeine-containing products may enhance the hypokalemic effect of indacaterol. Monitor therapy.(Arcapta July 2011)
Lithium/Caffeine and caffeine-containing products: Caffeine and caffeine-containing products may decrease the serum concentration of lithium. Monitor therapy.(Jefferson 1988, Kralovec 2011, Mester 1995, Shirley 2002)
Caffeine and caffeine-containing products/Norfloxacin: Norfloxacin may increase the serum concentration of caffeine and caffeine-containing products. Monitor therapy.(Carbo 1989, Harder 1988)
Olodaterol/Caffeine and caffeine-containing products: Caffeine and caffeine-containing products may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of olodaterol. Caffeine and caffeine-containing products may enhance the hypokalemic effect of olodaterol. Monitor therapy.(Strierdi Respimat July 2014)
Sympathomimetics/Ozanimod: Ozanimod may enhance the hypertensive effect of sympathomimetics. Monitor therapy.(Tran 2020, Zeposia March 2020)
Solriamfetol/Sympathomimetics: Sympathomimetics may enhance the hypertensive effect of solriamfetol. Sympathomimetics may enhance the tachycardic effect of solriamfetol. Monitor therapy.(Sunosi June 2019)
Warfarin/Caffeine and caffeine-containing products: Caffeine and caffeine-containing products may diminish the anticoagulant effect of warfarin. Monitor therapy.(Clapauch 2012)
Caffeine and caffeine-containing products/CYP1A2 inducers (weak): CYP1A2 inducers (weak) may decrease the serum concentration of caffeine and caffeine-containing products. No action needed.(Dumond 2010, Kirby 2011, Magnusson 2008, Wietholtz 1989, Wietholz 1995)
Caffeine and caffeine-containing products/Hibiscus: Hibiscus may increase the serum concentration of caffeine and caffeine-containing products. No action needed.(Johnson 2013, Showande 2019)
Caffeine and caffeine-containing products/L-Theanine: L-theanine may diminish the therapeutic effect of caffeine and caffeine-containing products. Specifically, the vasoconstrictive and cognition- and mood-enhancing effects of caffeine may be diminished. L-theanine may enhance the therapeutic effect of caffeine and caffeine-containing products. Specifically, caffeine effects on cognition and neurophysiologic performance may be enhanced. No action needed.(Dodd 2015, Foxe 2012, Kahathuduwa 2017, Owen 2008)
Caffeine and caffeine-containing products/Menthol: Menthol may decrease the absorption of caffeine and caffeine-containing products. Specifically, menthol may delay absorption of caffeine. No action needed.(Begas 2017, Gelal 2003)
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors/Caffeine and caffeine-containing products: Caffeine and caffeine-containing products may enhance the hypertensive effect of monoamine oxidase inhibitors. No action needed.(Pakes 1979, van der Hoeven 2014)
Sympathomimetics/Procarbazine: Procarbazine may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of sympathomimetics. No action needed.(Matulane August 2018)
Caffeine and caffeine-containing products/Quercetin: Quercetin may increase the serum concentration of caffeine and caffeine-containing products. No action needed.(Chen 2009, Xiao 2014)
Caffeine and caffeine-containing products/Terbinafine (systemic): Terbinafine (systemic) may increase the serum concentration of caffeine and caffeine-containing products. No action needed.(Trepanier 1998, Wahllander 1989)
Case reports and evidence from clinical studies are lacking. A report of increased gastric acid secretion in rodents exists; avoid use in individuals with known peptic ulcer.(Ibu 1986)
Subacute toxicity studies in rats showed findings consistent with methylxanthine toxicity, including restlessness, excitement, and irritability.(Burdock 2009)
A study in pregnant mice using high-dose kola nut reported a significant decrease in pup body weights.(Burdock 2009)
It has been suggested that the high amine content is possibly related to oral and GI cancers observed among habitual chewers of kola nut.(Atawodi 1995)
Primarily dose-dependent increases in blood pressure were observed in both normotensive and hypertensive rats, with diastolic pressure more sensitive to dose.(Igbinovia 2009) Increases in metabolic rate were noted in a rat study examining 3 species of kola nut, with C. accuminata having the greatest effect. Researchers also examined effects on isolated rat heart, noting increases in both force of contraction and rate with low doses of kola nut extract, with higher doses resulting in decreases in contraction and rate, until heart failure occurred.(Chukwu 2006)
This information relates to an herbal, vitamin, mineral or other dietary supplement. This product has not been reviewed by the FDA to determine whether it is safe or effective and is not subject to the quality standards and safety information collection standards that are applicable to most prescription drugs. This information should not be used to decide whether or not to take this product. This information does not endorse this product as safe, effective, or approved for treating any patient or health condition. This is only a brief summary of general information about this product. It does NOT include all information about the possible uses, directions, warnings, precautions, interactions, adverse effects, or risks that may apply to this product. This information is not specific medical advice and does not replace information you receive from your health care provider. You should talk with your health care provider for complete information about the risks and benefits of using this product.
This product may adversely interact with certain health and medical conditions, other prescription and over-the-counter drugs, foods, or other dietary supplements. This product may be unsafe when used before surgery or other medical procedures. It is important to fully inform your doctor about the herbal, vitamins, mineral or any other supplements you are taking before any kind of surgery or medical procedure. With the exception of certain products that are generally recognized as safe in normal quantities, including use of folic acid and prenatal vitamins during pregnancy, this product has not been sufficiently studied to determine whether it is safe to use during pregnancy or nursing or by persons younger than 2 years of age.
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