Skip to main content

Grape Seed

Scientific Name(s): Vitis vinifera L.
Common Name(s): Grape seed, Grape seed extract, Muskat, Oligomeric proanthocyanidin complexes (OPC), Proanthocyanidin, Procyanidolic oligomers (PCO), Wine grape

Medically reviewed by Drugs.com. Last updated on Jun 21, 2023.

Clinical Overview

Use

Grape seed is known for its antioxidant properties. Studies suggest a possible role in cardiovascular disease. However, large quality clinical trials are lacking to recommend use for any indication.

Dosing

Composition of commercial grape seed preparations is highly variable. In clinical trials, grape seed extract has been studied for effects on various cardiovascular risk markers at oral doses of 150 to 2,000 mg/day; formulations and durations of therapy (range, 2 to 24 weeks) varied.

Contraindications

Grape seed is contraindicated in individuals with known hypersensitivity to grape products.

Pregnancy/Lactation

Information regarding safety and efficacy in pregnancy and lactation is lacking.

Interactions

See Drug Interactions section.

Adverse Reactions

Grape seed is generally well tolerated.

Toxicology

No data.

Scientific Family

Botany

V. vinifera is a deciduous climber with several stems, tendrils, clusters of pale-green flowers, and palm-shaped leaves. Grapes are native to southern Europe and western Asia but are cultivated in temperate regions throughout the world. French hybrid varieties of grapes were developed mainly for wine making. The berries grow in bunches of 6 to 300 grapes on woody, climbing vines and range in color from light green to purple to black.Chevallier 1996, USDA 2020

History

Grape leaves have been found in fossils dating back to prehistoric times. Grapes were domesticated in western Asia prior to 5,000 BC, are depicted in tomb paintings dating to 2,400 BC, and are mentioned in biblical writings. Jesuit priests brought Spanish grapes to Mexico in the 17th century, then established vineyards in what is now Socorro, New Mexico, the area of the earliest grape plantings in the United States. Ancient Egyptians, Romans, and Greeks noted the health benefits of wine drinking, and the cardioprotective effect of regular wine consumption has been observed among Mediterranean populations. Grape seed extract and proanthocyanidins have been marketed in France for decades as treatment for venous and capillary disorders, and the extract is used extensively in Japan as a food additive and antioxidant. Cold-pressed grape seed oil, obtained as a byproduct of wine making, is used in cooking and salad dressings.Bertelli 2009, Chevallier 1996, Murray 1998

Chemistry

Grape seeds contain vitamin E; polyphenols, including gallic acid, catechins, proanthocyanidins, resveratrol, and tannins; polyunsaturated fatty acids, including linoleic, oleic, and alpha-linolenic acids; protein; and carbohydrates. Other grape seed oil constituents include tocopherol, quercetin, procyanidins, carotenoids, and phytosterols.Garavaglia 2016 Despite marketing claims, cold-pressed grape seed oil contains little proanthocyanidin content because of its insolubility in lipids, and no resveratrol, which is found primarily in grape skin. Total proanthocyanidin content consumed in 100 g of dried grape seed is approximately 3,500 mg, although composition of commercial preparations is highly variable.Duke 2002, Gu 2004, Joshi 2001, Kidd 2009, Nakamura 2003

Uses and Pharmacology

Grape seed oil has demonstrated various effects indicating potential health benefits, such as anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, antimicrobial, and anticancer properties, mainly identified by in vitro studies.Garavaglia 2016 Much of the efficacy of grape seed extract is attributed to its high antioxidant activity.Kidd 2009, Nuttall 1998 Grape seeds and its biologically active constituent resveratrol exert protective effects against various natural or chemical toxins that could alter physiological homeostasis through a variety of mechanisms. Some mechanisms of action include an increase in superoxide dismutase, heme oxygenase 1, and glutathione peroxidase activities; reduced glutathione content and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels; and activation of the Nrf2/ARE pathway.Tabeshpour 2018

Alopecia

A review concluded that proanthocyanidins found in grape seed oil and extract resulted in proliferation of hair follicle cells isolated from mice (by approximately 230% relative to 100% in controls) and possessed remarkable hair cycle-converting activity from the telogen phase to the anagen phase in C3H mice in vivo test systems.Dhariwala 2019

Antioxidant activity

Protective effects of grape seeds have been demonstrated in models of renal, hepatic, and pancreatic toxicity, the mechanism of which may be related to antioxidant activity.Ali 2011, Banerjee 2001, Ray 1999

Cancer

Animal and in vitro data

In vitro studies conducted primarily in mouse models and human cancer cell lines (including prostate, lung, gastric, and squamous cell carcinoma) have shown grape seed extract induces cell cycle arrest and promotes apoptosis.Kaur 2009 Antiangiogenic activity has also been demonstrated.Khan 2011 Decreased incidence of induced tumors and a reduction in transformation to carcinoma have been demonstrated in skin cancer models.Katiyar 2008, Kaur 2009, Kidd 2009, Nichols 2010, Perde-Schrepler 2013 In breast cancer models in mice and in human breast cancer cell lines, grape seed extract has been shown to reduce the expression of aromatase.Kaur 2009, Khan 2011 Cell line models have also shown that grape seed procyanidin extracts mediate antineoplastic effects against lung cancer via modulations of prostacyclin and 15-HETE eicosanoid pathways.Mao 2016

Clinical data

Among women with radiation fibrosis, grape seed extract administration had no effect on breast induration.Brooker 2006

Cardiovascular effects

Animal data

Studies conducted in rodents, dogs, and rabbits have demonstrated positive effects of grape seed extract on reducing myocardial infarct size, thrombus formation, and reperfusion injury. Animal data also support improved endothelial function and endothelial-dependent relaxation in aortic tissue.Karthikeyan 2007, Lanati 2010, Leifert 2008, Sano 2005

Clinical data

Clinical trials have been conducted in healthy volunteers, in patients with hypertension and hyperlipidemia, and in patients with metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Participant numbers are small, and grape seed products and dosages used vary considerably among trials.Cherniack 2011, Feringa 2011, Ghosh 2009, Ras 2013, Razavi 2013 In a meta-analysis of 9 trials (N=390) evaluating the beneficial effects of grape seed extract on cardiovascular risk markers, grape seed extract total daily doses ranged from 150 to 2,000 mg and treatment durations ranged from 2 to 24 weeks. Grape seed extract was associated with significant reductions in heart rate (−1.42 beats per minute [bpm]; 95% CI, −2.5 to −0.34; P=0.01) and in systolic blood pressure (−1.54 mm Hg; 95% CI, −2.85 to −0.22; P=0.02), which may be related to the reduced heart rate. No significant effects were found on diastolic blood pressure, lipids, or C-reactive protein, and insufficient patient numbers did not allow for analysis of harm.Feringa 2011 In a small, randomized, placebo-controlled trial in adults with systolic blood pressure of 120 to 159 mm Hg (N=70), no significant reduction in blood pressure was observed with grape seed extract (300 mg/day for 8 weeks) compared with placebo. The authors concluded that consumption of polyphenol-rich grape seed extract does not lower ambulatory blood pressure in untreated subjects with pre- and stage I hypertension.Ras 2013 In addition, consumption of grape polyphenols has no major impact on flow-mediated dilation or vascular function in a study of healthy men.van Mierlo 2010 Conversely, in a small study in individuals with prehypertension (N=36), grape seed extract formulated in a low-energy functional beverage was safe and improved blood pressure, supporting the use of grape seed extract as a functional ingredient (ie, in a low-energy beverage) for blood pressure control.Park 2016

Both grape seed extract and vitamin C have antioxidative effects and have each shown the ability to reduce the deleterious effects of cardiopulmonary bypass during coronary artery bypass graft surgery.Safaei 2017 A small randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover trial in adults with mild hyperlipidemia (N=52) and published after the previously described meta-analysis found small reductions in total cholesterol (−10.68±26.76 mg/dL; P=0.015) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (−9.66±23.92 mg/dL; P=0.014) with red grape seed extract 200 mg/day (duration, 8 weeks) compared with placebo.Razavi 2013 Similar results were observed with a commercially available 1.5% (5.025 mg) red yeast rice combination product that also contained 30 mg of coenzyme Q10, 20 mg of procyanidins from grape seed, and 100 mg of lecithin. Data from 52 participants with total fasting cholesterol higher than 200 mg/dL and triglycerides less than 400 mg/dL revealed that 2 capsules taken twice daily for 8 weeks produced a 22% reduction in LDL cholesterol and a 15% reduction in total cholesterol in the intervention group compared with control (P<0.001); magnitude of effect on LDL was high and ranged from −8% to 40.5%. No significant differences in creatine kinase elevation or adverse effects were noted between treatment and placebo, although muscle aches tended to be more prevalent in the intervention group.Verhoeven 2013

In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial, patients with moderate hyperlipidemia (N=70) received treatment with red grape seed extract 200 mg/day or placebo for 8 weeks. Significant elevations in serum levels of apolipoprotein Al (apo-AI) (P=0.001), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (P=0.001), and paraoxonase (PON) activity (P=0.001), and marked decreases in concentrations of total cholesterol (P=0.015), triglycerides (P=0.011), and LDL-C (P=0.014) were observed. PON activity was significantly correlated with apo-AI (r=0.27; P<0.01) and HDL-C (r=0.45; P<0.001). Significant differences between the red grape seed extract and control groups (before and after treatment) for total cholesterol (P=0.001), triglycerides (P=0.001), PON (P=0.03), apo-AI (P=0.001), and LDL-C (P=0.002) were observed. The authors concluded that red grape seed extract might increase PON activity, mostly through increasing HDL-C and apo-AI levels, and may have potential beneficial effects in preventing oxidative stress and atherosclerosis.Argani 2016

Larger trials are required to validate the positive results demonstrated on serum lipid indices in some studies.Weseler 2011 Large-scale trial data are also lacking regarding effects of grape seed on specific cardiovascular events.Feringa 2011, NIH 2014

CNS

Animal data

In studies using mouse models of Alzheimer disease, grape seed extract reduced neuropathy and cognitive deterioration. Experiments using mouse models for Huntington disease and other neurodegenerative disorders have also been conducted.Ho 2010

Clinical data

Limited clinical studies have been conducted to evaluate the role of grape seed in mild cognitive impairment.Carlson 2008, Ho 2010, NIH 2014

Dental effects

A role for grape seed in dentistry has been suggested because of effects on Streptococcus mutans, inhibition of glucan formation from sucrose, and induction of cross-linking in dentin.Macedo 2009, Toukairin 1991, Wu 2009 A reduction in the oral streptococci count has also been demonstrated following use of V. vinifera 12.5% mouthwash extract.Singla 2018 In a randomized clinical study in individuals with chronic periodontitis, a randomized clinical study showed that subgingival application of a formulated mucoadhesive grape seed extract 2% gel produced improvement in the plaque index and gingival index after 6 months of application.Rayyan 2018

Dermatologic effects

Animal data

Studies in mice have shown enhanced wound-healing properties.Baumann 2007 In a preclinical mouse model, dietary proanthocyanidins prevented ultraviolet radiation-induced nonmelanoma skin cancer through enhanced repair of damaged DNA-dependent activation of immune sensitivity.Katiyar 2017

Clinical data

In a study of healthy postmenopausal women, a dietary supplement containing grape seed was evaluated for effects on aging skin.Skovgaard 2006 In a double-blind, randomized controlled trial in Iranian patients 14 to 50 years of age with postsurgical wounds between 3 mm and 1 cm in size on the neck, trunk, and limbs (N=40), wound healing time was statistically significantly reduced with grape seed 2% cream compared with placebo. Average time to healing was 8 days and 14 days for grape seed and placebo, respectively. By day 10, 100% of wounds treated with grape seed were healed compared with 28.2% for placebo (P=0.0001).Hemmati 2014 Another study in women undergoing caesarean section suggests a grape seed extract 5% ointment may also have beneficial therapeutic effects in promoting caesarean section wound healing.Izadpanah 2019 Women with chloasma showed a decrease in hyperpigmentation in an open-label study.Yamakoshi 2004

Diabetic retinopathy

Clinical data

In a randomized, multicenter, double-blind trial, patients with nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (N=124; 40 to 78 years of age) were administered placebo, calcium dobesilate (750 mg/day), or grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) (150 mg/day) orally for up to 12 months. All patients had retinal thickening with hard exudates. Rate of improvement in those with hard exudates was higher in the GSPE group than in the calcium dobesilate group. In the GSPE group, total macular volume after 9 months of treatment was decreased compared with baseline. It was determined that oral GSPE therapy for 1 year improves hard exudates in patients with nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy.Moon 2019

Leg swelling

Single-intake trials and 14-day intake trials were held for a small-scale (N=16), double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover clinical trial evaluating grape seed extract in healthy Japanese women with leg swelling. A prolonged sedentary position was maintained for 6 hours after grape seed extract or placebo administration. Leg volume distension, increased body extracellular fluid, and leg water were suppressed in the grape seed extract groups.Sano 2013

Menopause

Clinical data

A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted in women 40 to 60 years of age with at least one menopausal symptom (N=96). Participants were randomized to receive grape seed extract tablets containing either low-dose (100 mg/day) or high-dose (200 mg/day) proanthocyanidin or placebo for 8 weeks. A total of 91 women (95%) completed the study. It was concluded that GSPE is effective in improving the physical and psychological symptoms of menopause while increasing muscle mass and reducing blood pressure in middle-aged women.Terauchi 2014

Metabolic syndrome

Results of a review of in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies determined V. vinifera is a potential candidate for treatment of metabolic syndrome because the grape polyphenols have significant effects on blood glucose levels, lipid profiles, and blood pressure, as well as beneficial activities in liver and heart.Akaberi 2016

Nutrition and exercise performance

Results of a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover study in healthy and overweight individuals with an unrestrained diet and higher energy requirements (N=51) demonstrate that grape seed extract may be effective in reducing 24-hour energy intake while sustaining satiety.Vogels 2004 In addition, grape seed extract supplementation may also act as an ergogenic aid able to prolong the onset of fatigue during physical activity.Kim 2018

Dosing

Composition of commercial grape seed preparations is highly variable.Nakamura 2003 In clinical trials, grape seed extract has been studied for effects on various cardiovascular risk markers at oral doses of 150 to 2,000 mg/day; formulations and durations of therapy (range, 2 to 24 weeks) varied.Feringa 2011 In a safety and tolerability assessment in healthy Japanese adult volunteers, oral intake of grape seed extract up to 2,500 mg for 4 weeks was found to be generally safe and well tolerated.Sano 2017

Pregnancy / Lactation

Information regarding safety and efficacy in pregnancy and lactation is lacking.

Interactions

Grape seed extracts have dual anticoagulant/antiplatelet activity due to the high polyphenolic content.(Bijak 2019)

Herbs (anticoagulant/antiplatelet properties) may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of agents with antiplatelet properties. Bleeding may occur.(Mousa 2010, Spolarich 2007, Stanger 2012, Ulbricht 2008)

Herbs (anticoagulant/antiplatelet properties) may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of anticoagulants. Bleeding may occur.(Choi 2017, Fan 2017, Heck 2000, Izzat 1998, Jiang 2005, Kruth 2004, Lambert 2001, Mousa 2010, Spolarich 2007, Stanger 2012, Tsai 2013, Ulbricht 2008, Vaes 2000, Wang 2015)

Herbs (anticoagulant/antiplatelet properties) may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of other herbs (anticoagulant/antiplatelet properties). Bleeding may occur.(Mousa 2010, Spolarich 2007, Stanger 2012, Ulbricht 2008)

Herbs (anticoagulant/antiplatelet properties) may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. Bleeding may occur.(Mousa 2010, Spolarich 2007, Stanger 2012, Ulbricht 2008)

Herbs (anticoagulant/antiplatelet properties) may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of salicylates. Bleeding may occur.(Mousa 2010, Spolarich 2007, Stanger 2012, Ulbricht 2008)

Herbs (anticoagulant/antiplatelet properties) may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of thrombolytic agents. Bleeding may occur.(Mousa 2010, Spolarich 2007, Stanger 2012, Ulbricht 2008)

CYP-450 enzyme-mediated herbal drug interactions are possible; caution should be exercised.(Wanwimolruk 2014)

Dextromethorphan: Grape seed may increase the serum concentration of dextromethorphan. No action needed.(Goey 2013)

Adverse Reactions

Grape seed is contraindicated in individuals with known hypersensitivity. Clinical trials have generally reported that grape seed extract is well tolerated.Ho 2010, Martinez 2005

Grape seed oil side effects (more detail)

Toxicology

No human toxicity has been reported for grape seed. A safety evaluation of proanthocyanidin from grape seeds administered orally to mice demonstrated no evidence of toxicity and mutagenicity at acute doses of 2 and 4 g/kg. In addition, the same study found that doses of 0.02%, 0.2%, and 2% (w/w) for 90 days were not toxic.Ho 2010, Yamakoshi 2002 Trans-resveratrol caused renal damage in rats administered 3 g/kg/day over 4 weeks.Chen 2011 Dogs have developed renal failure following consumption of both seeded and seedless grapes and raisins, possibly caused by a mycotoxin; however, not all consumption results in toxicity.McKnight 2005

References

Disclaimer

This information relates to an herbal, vitamin, mineral or other dietary supplement. This product has not been reviewed by the FDA to determine whether it is safe or effective and is not subject to the quality standards and safety information collection standards that are applicable to most prescription drugs. This information should not be used to decide whether or not to take this product. This information does not endorse this product as safe, effective, or approved for treating any patient or health condition. This is only a brief summary of general information about this product. It does NOT include all information about the possible uses, directions, warnings, precautions, interactions, adverse effects, or risks that may apply to this product. This information is not specific medical advice and does not replace information you receive from your health care provider. You should talk with your health care provider for complete information about the risks and benefits of using this product.

This product may adversely interact with certain health and medical conditions, other prescription and over-the-counter drugs, foods, or other dietary supplements. This product may be unsafe when used before surgery or other medical procedures. It is important to fully inform your doctor about the herbal, vitamins, mineral or any other supplements you are taking before any kind of surgery or medical procedure. With the exception of certain products that are generally recognized as safe in normal quantities, including use of folic acid and prenatal vitamins during pregnancy, this product has not been sufficiently studied to determine whether it is safe to use during pregnancy or nursing or by persons younger than 2 years of age.

More about grape seed oil

Related treatment guides

Akaberi M, Hosseinzadeh H. Grapes (Vitis vinifera) as a potential candidate for the therapy of the metabolic syndrome. Phytother Res. 2016;30(4):540-556.26800498
Ali BH, Al Za'abi M, Blunden G, Nemmar A. Experimental gentamicin nephrotoxicity and agents that modify it: a mini-review of recent research. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2011;109(4):225-232.21599835
Argani H, Ghorbanihaghjo A, Vatankhahan H, Rashtchizadeh N, Raeisi S, Ilghami H. The effect of red grape seed extract on serum paraoxonase activity in patients with mild to moderate hyperlipidemia. Sao Paulo Med J. 2016;134(3):234-239.27191247
Banerjee B, Bagchi D. Beneficial effects of a novel IH636 grape seed proanthocyanidin extract in the treatment of chronic pancreatitis. Digestion. 2001;63(3):203-206.11351148
Baumann LS. Less-known botanical cosmeceuticals. Dermatol Ther. 2007;20(5):330-342.18045358
Bertelli AA, Das DK. Grapes, wines, resveratrol, and heart health. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2009;54(6):468-476.19770673
Bijak M, Sut A, Kosiorek A, Saluk-Bijak J, Golanski J. Dual anticoagulant/antiplatelet activity of polyphenolic grape seeds extract. Nutrients. 2019;11(1):93.30621248
Brooker S, Martin S, Pearson A, et al. Double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised phase II trial of IH636 grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) in patients with radiation-induced breast induration. Radiother Oncol. 2006;79(1):45-51.16546280
Carlson S, Peng N, Prasain JK, Wyss JM. Effects of botanical dietary supplements on cardiovascular, cognitive, and metabolic function in males and females. Gend Med. 2008;(5)(suppl A):S76-S90.18395685
Chen XW, Serag ES, Sneed KB, Zhou SF. Herbal bioactivation, molecular targets and the toxicity relevance. Chem Biol Interact. 2011;192(3):161-176.21459083
Cherniack EP. Polyphenols: planting the seeds of treatment for the metabolic syndrome. Nutrition. 2011;27(6):617-623.21367579
Chevallier A. The Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants: A Practical Reference Guide to Over 550 Key Herbs and their Medicinal Uses. DK Publishing; 1996:281.
Choi S, Oh DS, Jerng UM. A systematic review of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions of herbal medicine with warfarin. PLoS One. 2017;12(8):e0182794.28797065
Dhariwala MY, Ravikumar P. An overview of herbal alternatives in androgenetic alopecia. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2019;18(4):966-975.30980598
Duke J, Bogenschutz-Godwin M, duCellier J, Duke P. Handbook of Medicinal Herbs. 2nd ed. CRC Press; 2002.
Fan Y, Adam TJ, McEwan R, Pakhomov SV, Melton GB, Zhang R. Detecting signals of interactions between warfarin and dietary supplements in electronic health records. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2017;245:370-374.29295118
Feringa HH, Laskey DA, Dickson JE, Coleman CI. The effect of grape seed extract on cardiovascular risk markers: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Am Diet Assoc. 2011;111(8):1173-1181.21802563
Garavaglia J, Markoski MM, Oliveira A, Marcadenti A. Grape seed oil compounds: biological and chemical actions for health. Nutr Metab Insights. 2016;9:59-64.27559299
Ghosh D, Scheepens A. Vascular action of polyphenols. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2009;53(3):322-331.19051188
Goey AK, Meijerman I, Beijnen JH, Schellens JH. The effect of grape seed extract on the pharmacokinetics of dextromethorphan in healthy volunteers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2013;69(11):1883-1890.23881421
Gu L, Kelm MA, Hammerstone JF, et al. Concentrations of proanthocyanidins in common foods and estimations of normal consumption. J Nutr. 2004;134(3):613-617.14988456
Heck AM, DeWitt BA, Lukes AL. Potential interactions between alternative therapies and warfarin. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2000;57(13):1221-1227.10902065
Hemmati AA, Foroozan M, Houshmand G, Moosavi ZB, Bahadoram M, Maram NS. The topical effect of grape seed extract 2% cream on surgery wound healing. Glob J Health Sci. 2014;7(3):52-58.25948437
Ho L, Pasinetti GM. Polyphenolic compounds for treating neurodegenerative disorders involving protein misfolding. Expert Rev Proteomics. 2010;7(4):579-589.20653511
Izadpanah A, Soorgi S, Geraminejad N, Hosseini M. Effect of grape seed extract ointment on cesarean section wound healing: a double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2019;35:323-328.31003677
Izzat MB, Yim AP, El-Zufari MH. A taste of Chinese medicine! Ann Thorac Surg. 1998;66(3):941-942.9768962
Jiang X, Williams KM, Liauw WS, et al. Effect of ginkgo and ginger on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2005;59(4):425-432.15801937
Joshi SS, Kuszynski CA, Bagchi D. The cellular and molecular basis of health benefits of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract. Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2001;2(2):187-200.11480422
Karthikeyan K, Bai BR, Devaraj SN. Cardioprotective effect of grape seed proanthocyanidins on isoproterenol-induced myocardial injury in rats. Int J Cardiol. 2007;115(3):326-333.16828181
Katiyar SK. Grape seed proanthocyanidines and skin cancer prevention: inhibition of oxidative stress and protection of immune system. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2008;52(suppl 1):S71-S76.18384090
Katiyar SK, Pal HC, Prasad R. Dietary proanthocyanidins prevent ultraviolet radiation-induced non-melanoma skin cancer through enhanced repair of damaged DNA-dependent activation of immune sensitivity. Semin Cancer Biol. 2017;46:138-145.28412456
Kaur M, Agarwal C, Agarwal R. Anticancer and cancer chemopreventive potential of grape seed extract and other grape-based products. J Nutr. 2009;139(9):1806S-1812S.19640973
Khan SI, Zhao J, Khan IA, Walker LA, Dasmahapatra AK. Potential utility of natural products as regulators of breast cancer-associated aromatase promoters. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2011;9:91.21693041
Kidd PM. Bioavailability and activity of phytosome complexes from botanical polyphenols: the silymarin, curcumin, green tea, and grape seed extracts. Altern Med Rev. 2009;14(3):226-246.19803548
Kim JK, Stebbins CL. Effects of grape seed extract supplementation on exercise performance in athletes. Research & Investigations in Sports Medicine. 2018;2(1):113-114.
Kruth P, Brosi E, Fux R, Morike K, Gleiter CH. Ginger-associated overanticoagulation by phenprocoumon. Ann Pharmacother. 2004;38(2):257-260.14742762
Lambert JP, Cormier J. Potential interaction between warfarin and boldo-fenugreek. Pharmacotherapy. 2001;21(4):509-512.11310527
Lanati N, Emanuele E, Brondino N, Geroldi D. Soluble RAGE-modulating drugs: state-of-the-art and future perspectives for targeting vascular inflammation. Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2010;8(1):86-92.19485931
Leifert WR, Abeywardena MY. Cardioprotective actions of grape polyphenols. Nutr Res. 2008;28(11):729-737.19083481
Macedo GV, Yamauchi M, Bedran-Russo AK. Effects of chemical cross-linkers on caries-affected dentin bonding. J Dent Res. 2009;88(12):1096-1100.19892915
Mao JT, Smoake J, Park HK, Lu QY, Xue B. Grape seed procyanidin extract mediates antineoplastic effects against lung cancer via modulations of prostacyclin and 15-HETE eicosanoid pathways. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2016;9(12):925-932.27658889
Martinez MJ, Bonfill X, Moreno RM, Vargas E, Capellá D. Phlebotonics for venous insufficiency. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;(3):CD003229.16034893
McKnight K. Grape and raisin toxicity in dogs. Vet Tech. 2005:135-136.
Moon SW, Shin YU, Cho H, Bae SH, Kim HK; Mogen Study Group. Effect of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract on hard exudates in patients with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019;98(21):e15515.31124931
Mousa SA. Antithrombotic effects of naturally derived products on coagulation and platelet function. Methods Mol Biol. 2010;663:229-240.20617421
Murray MT, Pizzorno J. Encyclopedia of Natural Medicine. 2nd ed. Rocklin CA: Prima Publishing; 1998.
Nakamura Y, Tsuji S, Tonogai Y. Analysis of proanthocyanidins in grape seed extracts, health foods and grape seed oils. J Health Sci. 2003;49(1):45-54.
National Institutes of Health. Grape seed. Accessed May 20, 2014. http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?term=grape+seed
Nichols JA, Katiyar SK. Skin photoprotection by natural polyphenols: anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and DNA repair mechanisms. Arch Dermatol Res. 2010;302(2):71-83.19898857
Nuttall SL, Kendall MJ, Bombardelli E, Morazzoni P. An evaluation of the antioxidant activity of a standardized grape seed extract, Leucoselect. J Clin Pharm Ther. 1998;23(5):385-389.9875688
Park E, Edirisinghe I, Choy YY, Waterhouse A, Burton-Freeman B. Effects of grape seed extract beverage on blood pressure and metabolic indices in individuals with pre-hypertension: a randomised, double-blinded, two-arm, parallel, placebo-controlled trial. Br J Nutr. 2016;115(2):226-238.26568249
Perde-Schrepler M, Chereches G, Brie I, et al. Grape seed extract as photochemopreventive agent against UVB-induced skin cancer. J Photochem Photobiol B. 2013;118:16-21.23178081
Ras RT, Zock PL, Zebregs YE, Johnston NR, Webb DJ, Draijer R. Effect of polyphenol-rich grape seed extract on ambulatory blood pressure in subjects with pre- and stage I hypertension. Br J Nutr. 2013;110(12):2234-2241.23702253
Ray SD, Kumar MA, Bagchi D. A novel proanthocyanidin IH636 grape seed extract increases in vivo Bcl-XL expression and prevents acetaminophen-induced programmed and unprogrammed cell death in mouse liver. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1999;369(1):42-58.10462439
Rayyan M, Terkawi T, Abdo H, et al. Efficacy of grape seed extract gel in the treatment of chronic periodontitis: A randomized clinical study. J Investig Clin Dent. 2018;9(2):e12318. doi:10.1111/jicd.1231829349878
Razavi SM, Gholamin S, Eskandari A, et al. Red grape seed extract improves lipid profiles and decreases oxidized low-density lipoprotein in patients with mild hyperlipidemia. J Med Food. 2013;16(3):255-258.23437789
Safaei N, Babaei H, Azarfarin R, Jodati AR, Yaghoubi A, Sheikhalizadeh MA. Comparative effect of grape seed extract (Vitis vinifera) and ascorbic acid in oxidative stress induced by on-pump coronary artery bypass surgery. Ann Card Anaesth. 2017;20(1):45-51.28074795
Sano A. Safety assessment of 4-week oral intake of proanthocyanidin-rich grape seed extract in healthy subjects. Food Chem Toxicol. 2017;108(pt B):519-523.27889390
Sano T, Oda E, Yamashita T, et al. Anti-thrombotic effect of proanthocyanidin, a purified ingredient of grape seed. Thromb Res. 2005;115(1-2):115-121.15567462
Sano A, Tokutake S, Seo A. Proanthocyanidin-rich grape seed extract reduces leg swelling in healthy women during prolonged sitting. J Sci Food Agric. 2013;93(3):457-462.22752876
Shi S, Klotz U. Drug interactions with herbal medicines. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2012;51(2):77-104.22257149
Singla S, Malhotra R, Nd S, Saxena S. Antibacterial efficacy of mouthwash prepared from pomegranate, grape seed and guava extracts against oral Streptococci: an in vivo study. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2018;42(2):109-113.29087796
Skovgaard GR, Jensen AS, Sigler ML. Effect of a novel dietary supplement on skin aging in post-menopausal women. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2006;60(10):1201-1206.16670692
Spolarich AE, Andrews L. An examination of the bleeding complications associated with herbal supplements, antiplatelet and anticoagulant medications. J Dent Hyg. 2007;81(3):67.17908423
Stanger MJ, Thompson LA, Young AJ, Lieberman HR. Anticoagulant activity of select dietary supplements. Nutr Rev. 2012;70(2):107-117.22300597
Tabeshpour J, Mehri S, Shaebani Behbahani F, Hosseinzadeh H. Protective effects of Vitis vinifera (grapes) and one of its biologically active constituents, resveratrol, against natural and chemical toxicities: a comprehensive review. Phytother Res. 2018;32(11):2164-2190.30088293
Terauchi M, Horiguchi N, Kajiyama A, et al. Effects of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract on menopausal symptoms, body composition, and cardiovascular parameters in middle-aged women: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study. Menopause. 2014;21(9):990-996.24518152
Toukairin T, Uchino K, Iwamoto M, et al. New polyphenolic 5'-nucleotidase inhibitors isolated from the wine grape "Koshu" and their biological effects. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 1991;39(6):1480-1483.1934168
Tsai HH, Lin HW, Lu YH, Chen YL, Mahady GB. A review of potential harmful interactions between anticoagulant/antiplatelet agents and Chinese herbal medicines. PLoS One. 2013;8(5):e64255.23671711
Ulbricht C, Chao W, Costa D, Rusie-Seamon E, Weissner W, Woods J. Clinical evidence of herb-drug interactions: a systematic review by the Natural Standard Research Collaboration. Curr Drug Metab. 2008;9(10):1063-1120.19075623
Vaes LP, Chyka PA. Interactions of warfarin with garlic, ginger, ginkgo, or ginseng: nature of the evidence. Ann Pharmacother. 2000;34(12):1478-1482.11144706
van Mierlo LA, Zock PL, van der Knaap HC, Draijer R. Grape polyphenols do not affect vascular function in healthy men. J Nutr. 2010;140(10):1769-1773.20702747
Verhoeven V, Hartmann ML, Remmen R, Wens J, Apers S, Van Royen P. Red yeast rice lowers cholesterol in physicians-a double blind, placebo controlled randomized trial. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2013;13:178.23866314
Vitis vinifera L. USDA, NRCS. 2019. PLANTS Database. (http://plants.usda.gov, 21 May 2020). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA.USDA.2020
Vogels N, Nijs IM, Westerterp-Plantenga MS. The effect of grape-seed extract on 24 h energy intake in humans. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2004;58(4):667-673.15042136
Wang CZ, Moss J, Yuan CS. Commonly used dietary supplements on coagulation function during surgery. Medicines (Basel). 2015;2(3):157-185.26949700
Wanwimolruk S, Phopin K, Prachayasittikul V. Cytochrome P450 enzyme mediated herbal drug interactions (part 2). EXCLI J. 2014;13:869-896.26417310
Weseler AR, Ruijters EJ, Drittij-Reijnders MJ, Reesink KD, Haenen GR, Bast A. Pleiotropic benefit of monomeric and oligomeric flavanols on vascular health—a randomized controlled clinical pilot study. PLoS One. 2011;6(12):e28460. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.002846022174811
Wu CD. Grape products and oral health. J Nutr. 2009;139(9):1818S-1823S.19640974
Yamakoshi J, Saito M, Kataoka S, Kikuchi M. Safety evaluation of proanthocyanidin-rich extract from grape seeds. Food Chem Toxicol. 2002;40(5):599-607.11955665
Yamakoshi J, Sano A, Tokutake S, et al. Oral intake of proanthocyanidin-rich extract from grape seeds improves chloasma. Phytother Res. 2004;18(11):895-899.15597304

Further information

Always consult your healthcare provider to ensure the information displayed on this page applies to your personal circumstances.

Medical Disclaimer

Copyright © 2024 Wolters Kluwer Health